Unit 1 meaning and types of articles
The articles are important for the English language. Not only are they among the most common words in English, they are often vital for successful communication. Changing one article for another, or leaving one out, can often cause misunderstanding, for example, if you say "I like English" (the language), when you mean "I like the English" (the people). Articles can help you make the meaning clearer or choose between meanings. Mistakes with articles do not always cause misunderstanding, but they can let the rest of your English down.
There are two articles in English: the Indefinite Article a/an and the Definite Article the.
The Indefinite Article is derived from the Numeral "one". It is never used with a noun in the plural.
The Indefinite Article has two forms both in speech and writing: a [ ] book; a [ ] student; an [ n] apple; an [ n] hour.
A is used before consonants and an is used before vowels.
The Definite Article is derived from the Pronoun that. It is used with a noun in the singular and in the plural. It has only one form in writing the: The rug was stained. But there are two pronunciations: [ð ] is used before consonant sounds; [ði:] is used before vowel sounds: The same name was given to this island [ð ]. The emphasis is on discipline [ði:].
You cannot use an article on its own: I like the idea. But not "I like the "
The articles go only with nouns, or words that behave like nouns. They are therefore a kind of determiner: The town is small and undistinguished. It is only a gesture.
There may be several words between the article and its noun: for a fairly long period.
Not every noun has to have an article. There may be another determiner, like this or that, his or my, or some, or no, or there may be no article at all (sometimes called the zero article). He stuck to this story. She ate some soup and that was all. They have no money to buy a house. The flower needs water.
The articles occur as part of noun groups. A noun group is a group of words based around a head, which is usually a noun:
Determiner modifier head qualifier
The tall girl with black hair.
Normally in speech the articles are not stressed.
Unit 2 THE INDEFINITE AND ZERO ARTICLES
2.1. The use of the indefinite articles a/an
The indefinite article a/an is the normal, neutral and most typical way of referring to a single example of something, to one member of a class of things. It is also used to refer to a thing for the first time.
A/An is used:
1. To refer to a group of people, animals or things: We could call it a sort of romance between just a man and a woman. A dolphin lives in the sea.
NOTE: In this case the article has the meaning any or every.
1) in classification by means of descriptive labels:
a) origins: He is a Frenchman.
b) occupation: I'm an architect.
c) religion: She's a Catholic.
d) politics: He is a Socialist.
NOTE: Adjectival equivalents (where they exist) can be used in place of nouns for all the above examples except occupation: He's American / Catholic /Socialist.
2) with any kind of typical characterization: You are an angel/ a saint / a beauty/ a chatter-box/ a lunatic.
3) with nouns in apposition to state that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belongs to a certain class: I'd like to introduce you to Mr Smith, a great friend of mine.
4) with pairs of nouns which are considered to accompany each other naturally: a cup and saucer; a hat and coat. It's cold outside, take a hat and coat with you.
NOTE: Take a hat and a camera when you go on holiday ( here a hat and a camera do not form a pair.)
2. With nouns in certain syntactical positions:
1) with nouns modified by:
a) a descriptive attribute: I spent a sleepless night. It was a cold spring. We left the place after a hearty breakfast.
b) a descriptive infinitive: I made an attempt to smile.
2) with a noun followed by a qualifier, such as a prepositional phrase or a relative clause: The information was contained in an article on biology. I chose a picture that reminded me of my own country.
3. 1) To preserve its old original meaning of one: A stitch in time saves nine. In some languages, one and a/an are the same. In English a/an is more common. One is only used:
a) when we want to be particularly emphatic or dramatic, meaning "no more than one":. He's got one son. (not two or three);
b) when we are explicitly contrasting numbers, e.g. two kilos of flour and one litre of water; She's got one Rolls-Royce and two Cadillacs or in technical mathematical contexts;
c) when we want to highlight something or someone in a report or story, and make them an important topic we are going to talk about. The expressions like One day... and One morning... are familiar openings to important events in stories.
2) with uncountable nouns to mean one: There is a hair in my soup.
4. With abstract nouns:
1) with abstract nouns used in a particular sense: a love of music, a love of nature.
2) with some abstract nouns like regret, comfort, pity, horror, shame, relief, wonder, etc.: It's a pity/relief/ shame/ wonder/ horror, etc
3) with abstract nouns to denote a certain kind of a quality, feeling, state, etc., which are modified by a descriptive attribute or an attributive clause: We saw an eagerness in her eyes, which could hardly be forgotten.
5. With numerals:
1) with numerals hundred, thousand, million to mean one and the nouns that refer to whole numbers, fractions, money, weights or measures, time: A week has passed. The case weighs a hundred pounds. We go there twice a fortnight.
NOTE: In measuring per can replace a/an: He was paid $30 a/per day.
2) with ordinal numerals meaning one more or another: He must have a third attempt.
3) with the nouns period, population, distance, height, salary, etc followed by of + numeral + noun: She was working for a period of ten days. So far we have covered a distance of thirty miles.
4) with some expressions of quantity: a pair of, a little, a couple of, a few; three times a day; forty miles an hour; He bought a pair of shoes.
6. In exclamations with What + a countable noun: What an idea! What a lovely day! What a beautiful sight!
7. After half, many, quite, such, rather: There was half a cup of coffee left. He spent many a lonely day there. She is quite a child.
NOTE: A or an either precedes or follows rather: Seaford is rather a pleasant town. He told me a rather long story.
8. To follow the attribute expressed by an adjective after as, how, so, too: It was as black a house inside as outside. She is too a good woman for him.
9. With uncountable nouns to express the meaning 'a type of' or 'a portion of': a gin, an ice-cream, a soup.
10. With some illnesses: a cold, a headache, a sore throat, a weak heart, a broken leg.
NOTE: A is optional in the expressions like catch (a) cold, have (a) backache/ stomach-ache/ toothache/ earache, e.g.: I'm afraid the baby's got (a) cold. I've had (a) toothache all night.
