13
. , .. () , .
, , . , j.
- , , q, , :
= . (1)
, [1, 2].
q , ; .
j , W , q, , [2]:
j = . (2)
[1]:
= - grad j = , (3)
, , , .
j , , , . , . (3) , .
, q 1 2, j1 - j2 . , (2), :
A 12 = W 1 − W 2 = q (j1 - j2).
j1 - j2 = (4)
, , , .
q φ ( ), (4) :
j = . (4')
, , . (4') . , , , , , 1 , 1 [1]:
|
|
1 =
. .
(. 1), . , . . 1 . , . , . .
, , , . , , . , , , . , 100 15000 . , .
, , (. 1), , . , , . . (. 1) . (. 1), . , :
= . (5)
: S , D A; d ; ε0 .
. , .
, , . , φ q, . ,
|
|
F = qE 1 = qE /2,(6)
; E 1− , .
[1]:
E 1 = , (7)
(7) (6), :
F = . (8)
q j1 - j2 = U
q = C∙U = C∙ φ (9)
( U, () (. .1). (j2 = 0), U = j1 = j).
, (5), :
F = U 2 = φ2 (10)
(10), F, φ. , .
, . , , , [3], .. α :
U 2 = βα, (11)
β , .
, .
(10) (11) :
U 2 = = βα. (12)
, , . S. (D A) ℓ D = D A + 2 = D A + ℓ, S = π D 2/4. S (12), :
U 2 = = βα. (13)
, , β. , F, . m , U (.1), (α) . F=mg. m α, .. U.
, (13), U 2, , U 2 = f(α), β. , β U = f(α).
d, D ℓ .
: , , , , .
1. . 1. , . , , . . , , , .
|
|
2. . , .
3. D (. 1) , . , ( ).
4. 100. ʻ . R . , , α . ʻ .
! ʻ R . .
5. , 100 1 100. . .
6. :
<α> = (α1+α2+α3+α4+α5)/5, (14)
U 2 U (13). .
/ | α, | <α> | m, | U 2, 2 | U, | ||||
α 1 | α 2 | α 3 | α 4 | α 5 | |||||
: DA=; d =; l =
7. α .
Δα = α , (15)
α− . =0,9.
8. U 2 = f(α), β. Δα, (15), , .
9. β, (13) U = f(α) .
1. ?
2. . ?
3. ? ?
4. ?
5. .
6. .
7. ?
8. ?
9. , . ?
|
|
10. ?
11. ?
12. ?
13. ?
14. β? ?
15. ?
1. .. . 2. . − .: : һ, 2002.
2. .., .. . − .: , 1989.
3. (). . . 1992.
14
. , . . .
, , .
: φ.
− , , q 0 [1]:
= . (1)
. 1 /.
, q 0 (.1).
, . . .
.1 |
, (.2). , , , , . : ( ), . . . , .. . .
.2 |
, , q 0 , , [1,2]. q 0 1 2 W , q 0 1 2 [2]:
A 12 = W 1 − W 2 (2)
q 0, , q 0 .
j , W , q 0, , [2]:
j = . (3)
1 2 [2]:
j1 - j2 = = , (4)
.. q 0 1 2 .
|
|
, (, ). , , . φ2 = 0
j1 = . (5)
, , q 0 ( , ), .
, ( q 0 ). (5) , , .
.
1 = 1 / .
.
, .
φ(x,y,z) = const.
, . [4].
φ . , W [3]:
= − grad W . (6)
(6) q 0, :
= - grad j, (7)
grad φ − φ. , . φ (,,z) :
grad j = ,
− , . . ; , , − φ.
q
dA = q = qEdℓ cos( ^ ) = qE ℓ dℓ, (8)
E ℓ − .
dA = −dW = − qd φ. (9)
(8) (9) ,
E ℓ = − , (10)
.. .
dℓ (d φ = 0). , (10) . , .
.3 () () 2- |
, - , , . .3 () () 2- . .
φ, φ x, y, z. , , . , , . , , , .
, , . , , .. . .