090108.
8 (2 ).
Linux.
: Linux.
.
1.
cksum
(CRC ). 3, 4, 5 .
$ cksum CHANGES.TXT
4005661398 2344 CHANGES.TXT.
clear , .
2.
date . (, root) .
+
-s .
-u
% (Sun on . .)
% (Sunday, Monday, . .)
(Jan, Feb, . .). , %h
% (January, February . .)
%
%d (01-31)
%D mm/dd/yy (mm , dd , )
% (1-31)
%h (Jan, Fet . .). , %
% 24- (00-23)
%I 12- (00-12)
%j ( , 1-365)
%k 24- (0-23)
%1 12- (0-12)
%m (01-12)
% (0-59)
%n
% .. .. AM
%r hhmm:ss AM/PM (hh ,, mm , ss )
%s , ; , 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S (0-59)
%t
% hhsnmss (hh , mm , ss )
%U (01-31)
%w ( 0)
%W (0-51);
%
%
% (, 98)
%Y (, 1998)
%Z
.
. . MMddhhmmyy (MM , dd , hh , mm , )
date 0101153097
1 (0101) 1997 (97) 15:30 (1530).
3.
|
|
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echo ( , ). echo: Linux /bin/echo, a echo shell Bourne Again shell. ; , shell -n .
.
-n
\
\b
\
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\\ (\\)
$ echo Good afternoon!
Good afternoon!.
$ echo We are testing the printer | Ip
We are testing the printer.
4.
id .
id ( , ).
, , , ( ) .
-g
-G
-n ( ) -g, -G u
-r .
-u .
5.
info .
info . GNU texinfo. info, , info ( /usr/local/info/dir), , info .
-d
--dribble . -restore ,
- f
help info
-n
- ,
-restore , dribble
-subnodes
-version info
Man
Xman.
6.
. kill (PID) . . .
|
|
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kill Bourne Again shell shell, .
-1
-.
Killall
PS
killall bnm .
-i
-1
- V
-
Kill
Ps
7.
minicom , DOS- Telix. minicom , UUCP- , , , . .
minicom .
-
-
-d
-1 8-
-m Alt (Meta)
- Alt (Meta). , Alt 8- ( 128)
-t _ . TERM
- -s minicom . .
' '. '
-z
Seyon.
8.
nice .
nice . 15 ( ) 20 ( ). .
nice , .
- .
nice 5 , . nohup.
nohup
nohup , .
9.
( ). pidof PS . .
. , , . pidof . , pidof killallS.
-s
-
Halt
Ink
Reboot
Shutdown
PS
. .
10.
( ). renice
renice
.
-g
|
|
|
- ( )
-u
11.
( ). Skill PID
skill . TERM. -1.
-f .
-i : ,
-v
-w ,
-n
kill
Nice
Ps
Renice
Signal
Snice
12.
.
sleep
. ; m, h d, , .
13.
( ). Snice PID
snice . +4.
( -). , , .
-f .
-i :
-v
-w ,
-n
kill
Nice
Ps
Renice
Signal
Skill
14.
( ). strace
strace . ; strace . ( -).
strace , , , .
-a
- ,
-d
-eabbrev=
-eraw= ()
-eread= , ; ASCII-
-esignal= -+--+-
-tr=
-vrs=
-f
|
|
|
-i
-
- n
-PID
-q
-r
-s n ( 32)
-S - 2
-t
-tt
- ,
-v
-
-
Ptrace
Time
Trace
15.
SU
su . , , . , / etc/passwd ; /etc/passwd , /bin/sh. , su , , .
- (login shell)
-
