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(, , ) Household income in the United States




, . , , . .

(autonomous income) : , .

(agent) , .

budget line , ,

budget constraint

(bureaucracy) , . . ()

, .

(technical effeciency) , , - ;

(economical effeciency) , , .

(externalities) ( ) . .. ( ), .. ( ).

/ external benefits (costs) , , . , , ,

, (internalities) , .

revenue ,

total revenue (TR)

marginal revenue (MR) ,

average revenue (AR) (TR) (Q)

(bilateral monopoly) , .

(diversification) , .

(discounting) , .

(, , ) Household income in the United States

(product differentiation) , , , , .

long-run period ,

complementary products ,

(merit goods) , . , , .

subsidy

income

income (I) ,

-- disposable income

nominal income ,

real income ,

(natural monopoly) , , ( ).

 

(law of diminishing marginal returns) , , .

substitute products ,

total costs (TC)

marginal costs (MC) ,

average total costs ()

average variable costs (AVC)

average fixed costs (AFC)

( ; opportunity costs) ;

(accounting costs) ;

(sunk costs) , , ;

(implicit costs) , (, , , );

(total costs; TC) , ;

(variable costs; VC) , ;

(fixed costs; FC) , ;

(marginal costs; MC) , ;

(transaction costs) , ( , , );

(economic costs) , , ;

(explicit costs) , (, , , ).

costs

variable costs (VC) ,

fixed costs (FC) ,

() opportunity costs

(rent protection) , , , .

, (free rider) , , , .

consumer's surplus , ,

consumer's surplus , ,

producer's surplus i ,

(isoquant) , , .

(isocost line) , , .

(concentration index) , ( ).

(Linda index) , , .

- (Hfindahl-Hirshman index) , ( ) .

(vertical integration) * ;

(horizontal integration) , .

( ) (internalization) ( , ) . .

(capitalization) () .

(durable resource) .

cardinalism , (. )

indifference map ,

(isoquant map) .

(cartel) , .

(collective choice) .

short-run period , ,

Gini coefficient (G) - ( , ). G 0 1; G = 0 , (G = 1 ,

indifference curve , ,

Lorenz curve - ( , )

(offer curve) , .

Engel curve -

,

immediate-run period ,

monopolistic competition ,

monopoly , ,

(monopoly power) , .

monopsony , ,

(Pigovian tax) , , . . . , .

(tatonnement) , : , , . , , , . , .

(merit bads) , .

(nonexludability) , .

(uncertainty) , , .

(imperfect competition) , , .

(nonrivalry) , ,

.

oligopoly , , ,

oligopsony , , ,

, - (Pareto optimum) , --.

ordinalism , , , . (. )

(return of scale)

(increasing return of scale)

, ;

(decreasing return of scale) , .

(industry) , .

utility ,

total utility (TU)

marginal utility (MU) ,

consumer goods basket ,

(marginal external benefit, MEB) , .

, (marginal revenue product; MRP) , .

marginal rate a/substitution (MRS) , , ,

(marginal rate of technical substitution; MRTS) , , .

(marginal rate of transformation, MRT) , , , .

(marginal social benefit, MSB) .

(marginal external cost, MEC) , .

(marginal resource cost; MRC) , .

(marginal factor cost; MFC) . .

(marginal social cost, MSC) .

(marginal expenditure; ME) . .

(marginal product; MP) , ;, (i-) .

supply

individual supply

supply curve

quantity of supply (Qs) ,

market (aggregate) supply

supply function for ^

supply function

supply price (Ps) ,

 

total profit

marginal profit ,

average profit

(profit; )

(accounting profit) ;

(normal profit) , , ;

(average product; ) .

(economic profit) , .

profit ()

product

total product (TP) ,

marginal product (MP) ,

average product ()

(production function) , .

() interest ,

equilibrium of consumer , , equilibrium of producer

// stable (unstable) equilibrium , - , , , . . rationality

(scarcity) , .

(risk) , , . . , .

(moral hazard) .

(risk neutral) , , .

(mixed goods) , , . : ( ) ( ) ( -).

perfect competition , , -

demand

demand demand function

demand curve

quantity of demand (QD) ,

market demand

demand price () ,

individual demand

individual demand

demand function for price

good

Giffen good , ( )

inferior good , ,

normal good , ,

goods

complementary goods ,

substitute goods ,

, (transfer income) , , . , , .

(demand function)

(social welfare function) , , . . ( ). , , (), - , , .

- (X-unefficiency) , , ( ) .

 

(economic rent) .

[homo oeconomicus] economic man , (. )

() demand (supply) elasticity

() cross elasticity ()

() income elasticity () ()

() () price elasticity ()

(income effect) (), .

substitution effect , .

 





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