.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


7.




168. International banks operations ( ) - financing imports and exports; trading foreign exchange and currency options; borrowing and lending in the Eurocurrency market; international cash management services; underwriting Eurobonds and foreign bonds; organizing or participating in international loan syndications; soliciting local currency deposits and loans; supplying information and advice to clients.

169. International financial centers ( ) - are certain cities from which international banks operate.

170. Offshore (overseas, foreign) financial centers ( ) - provide operations from the foreign investors/depositors to the foreign borrowers.

171. National financial center transactions ( ) - when domestic investors supply funds to: domestic users by purchasing securities; financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies, mutual funds) which pool these receipts, make loans or equity investments from the pool and guarantee the deposits.

172. International financial center transactions ( ) - when domestic funds are supplied to foreign users or foreign funds are supplied to foreign users.

173. Single Banking License ( ) (according to the Single European Act of 1985) - allows banks to: operate in all member states without separately licensed and capitalized subsidiaries or branches; pursue all home-country licensed banking operations.

174. Core capital ( ) - the category of the bank capital according to the Basle Accord, which consists of shareholder equity and disclosed reserves.

175. The Basle Accord (1988) ( ) - established a framework for the measurement of bank capital internationally, and set a standard for minimum capital adequacy.

176. Supplementary capital ( ) - the category of the bank capital - consists of a number of hybrid securities (of both debt and equity) mostly subordinated perpetual notes.

177. The minimum capital adequacy ( ) - as stated in the Basle Accord is 4% for each category of bank capital (8% in total).

178. Foreign banking offices ( ) - through which international banks implement their strategy by combining correspondent banking, offshore banking, and host-country banking.

179. Types of foreign banking offices ( ) - correspondent banks, representative offices, foreign branch banks, banking subsidiaries, affiliated banks and consortium banks.

180. Correspondent banks ( ) - banking relationships with local banks including accepting drafts, honoring L/C, and furnishing credit information, - under which neither of the correspondent banks maintains its own personnel in the other country.

181. Representative office ( ) - its basic function is to provide information (about the parent banks services), advice, and local contacts for the parent banks business clients.

182. Foreign branch bank ( ) - is a legal and operational part of the parent bank, with the full resources of that parent behind the local office; does not have its own board of directors.

183. A banking subsidiary (subsidiary bank) ( ) - is a separately incorporated bank, owned entirely or in major part by a foreign parent, which conducts a general banking business.

184. A banking affiliate (the affiliated bank) ( ) - is a locally incorporated bank owned in part, but not necessarily controlled, by a foreign parent; may be newly formed, or it may be a local bank in which a foreign bank has purchased a part interest.

185. A consortium bank ( ) - a special type of affiliate - is a joint venture, incorporated separately and owned by two or more banks, usually of different nationalities.

186. International Banking Facilities (IBFs) ( ) - an accounting entity rather than a legal entity; is a separate set of asset and liability accounts maintained by the parent but segregated from regular bank books, but it is not an institution separate from its parent.

187. A giro system ( , ) - is a money transfer network, usually operated by the post office, intended to facilitate the transfer of a high volume of transactions involving small sums.

188. The risks of international bank lending ( ) -may be classified as commercial risk and country risk.

189. Commercial risk ( ) - involves assessing the likehood that a foreign-based client will be unable to repay its debts because of business reasons.

190. Country risk ( ) - refers to the possibility that unexpected events within a host country will influence a client firms or governments ability to repay a loan.

Strategies for managing country risk:

191. Debt-for-equity swap ( ) - is a technique to encourage a reversal of capital flight by local citizens and an encouragement to banks to convert from debt to equity claims; creditors are allowed to exchange their loans to equity in local firms.

192. Forfeiting () - is a technique for arranging medium-term bank financing; denotes the purchase of trade obligations falling due at some future date without recourse to any previous holder of the obligation.





:


: 2016-07-29; !; : 258 |


:

:

,
==> ...

998 - | 946 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.009 .