168. International banks operations (международные банковские операции) - financing imports and exports; trading foreign exchange and currency options; borrowing and lending in the Eurocurrency market; international cash management services; underwriting Eurobonds and foreign bonds; organizing or participating in international loan syndications; soliciting local currency deposits and loans; supplying information and advice to clients.
169. International financial centers (международные финансовые центры) - are certain cities from which international banks operate.
170. “Offshore” (overseas, foreign) financial centers (оффшорные финансовые центры) - provide operations from the foreign investors/depositors to the foreign borrowers.
171. National financial center transactions (сделки национальных финансовых центров) - when domestic investors supply funds to: domestic users by purchasing securities; financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies, mutual funds) which pool these receipts, make loans or equity investments from the pool and guarantee the deposits.
172. International financial center transactions (сделки международных финансовых центров) - when domestic funds are supplied to foreign users or foreign funds are supplied to foreign users.
173. Single Banking License (Единая банковская лицензия) (according to the Single European Act of 1985) - allows banks to: operate in all member states without separately licensed and capitalized subsidiaries or branches; pursue all home-country licensed banking operations.
174. Core capital (основной капитал) - the category of the bank capital according to the Basle Accord, which consists of shareholder equity and disclosed reserves.
175. The Basle Accord (1988) (Базельское соглашение) - established a framework for the measurement of bank capital internationally, and set a standard for minimum capital adequacy.
176. Supplementary capital (вспомогательный капитал) - the category of the bank capital - consists of a number of hybrid securities (of both debt and equity) mostly subordinated perpetual notes.
177. The minimum capital adequacy (минимальная достаточность капитала) - as stated in the Basle Accord is 4% for each category of bank capital (8% in total).
178. Foreign banking offices (иностранные банковские офисы) - through which international banks implement their strategy by combining correspondent banking, offshore banking, and host-country banking.
179. Types of foreign banking offices (типы иностранных банковских офисов) - correspondent banks, representative offices, foreign branch banks, banking subsidiaries, affiliated banks and consortium banks.
180. Correspondent banks (корреспондентские банки) - banking relationships with local banks including accepting drafts, honoring L/C, and furnishing credit information, - under which neither of the correspondent banks maintains its own personnel in the other country.
181. Representative office (представительский офис) - its basic function is to provide information (about the parent bank’s services), advice, and local contacts for the parent bank’s business clients.
182. Foreign branch bank (иностранный банковский филиал) - is a legal and operational part of the parent bank, with the full resources of that parent behind the local office; does not have its own board of directors.
183. A banking subsidiary (subsidiary bank) (дочерний банк) - is a separately incorporated bank, owned entirely or in major part by a foreign parent, which conducts a general banking business.
184. A banking affiliate (the affiliated bank) (аффилированный банк) - is a locally incorporated bank owned in part, but not necessarily controlled, by a foreign parent; may be newly formed, or it may be a local bank in which a foreign bank has purchased a part interest.
185. A consortium bank (банковский консорциум) - a special type of affiliate - is a joint venture, incorporated separately and owned by two or more banks, usually of different nationalities.
186. International Banking Facilities (IBFs) (международные банковские возможности) - an accounting entity rather than a legal entity; is a separate set of asset and liability accounts maintained by the parent but segregated from regular bank books, but it is not an institution separate from its parent.
187. A giro system (система жиро, система безналичных расчетов) - is a money transfer network, usually operated by the post office, intended to facilitate the transfer of a high volume of transactions involving small sums.
188. The risks of international bank lending (риск международного банковского кредитования) -may be classified as commercial risk and country risk.
189. Commercial risk (коммерческий риск) - involves assessing the likehood that a foreign-based client will be unable to repay its debts because of business reasons.
190. Country risk (страновой риск) - refers to the possibility that unexpected events within a host country will influence a client firm’s or government’s ability to repay a loan.
Strategies for managing country risk:
191. Debt-for-equity swap (обмен долга на обыкновенные акции) - is a technique to encourage a reversal of capital flight by local citizens and an encouragement to banks to convert from debt to equity claims; creditors are allowed to exchange their loans to equity in local firms.
192. Forfeiting (форфейтинг) - is a technique for arranging medium-term bank financing; denotes the purchase of trade obligations falling due at some future date without recourse to any previous holder of the obligation.
