4
I. , .
1. When I came to Minsk, my friend had already left for Moscow.
2. We know that he gave up smoking.
3. Where is your book?
II. e -
:
1. (1)? ) Present Simple
- (2) b) Present Continuous
. - -, - ) Present Perfect Continuous
(3) . - ,
(4) ,
.
2. (1) ? a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
(2)? (3)
? (4)?
3. (1), a) Past Simple
(2) ? b) Past Continuous
- . (3) c) Past Perfect
. (4) d) Past Perfect Continuous
, (5).
4. (1), a) Future Simple
(2). b) Future Continuous
3) , (4) c) Future Perfect
. , (5) d) Future Perfect Continuous
7 . e) Present Simple
III. , :
a) Indefinite Tense; b) Continuous Tense; c) Perfect Tense. .
1. She comes home at 5.
2. The tourists have been to South America.
3. They buy fresh bread every day.
4. Who is sitting at the table?
IV. , . .
Many new towns are being built in Siberia and in the Far East. Some of the towns were founded about 20 years ago. The first costruction teams were organized in 1959 when the Moscow University physics students decided to spend their summer vacations working at construction projects. Since that time a lot of dwellings have been built by the students of different institutes. Many students were awarded orders and medals for their work during the "third semester".
V. .
1. Houses are built very quickly now.
2. In this street houses are modern and attractive.
3. The doctor has been sent for.
4. The doctor has a lot of patients.
5. I was born in 1970.
VI. - .
1. (think) he (be) right.
2. Take your umbrella. It (rain) cats and dogs.
3. By the first of December I (work) here for 15 years.
4. Mike (want) on the phone.
5. If Dad (buy) a car, we (go) to the seaside.
6. I walked quickly because I (feel) cold.
7. The test (write) tomorrow.
8. He (not/receive) any letters from her this week.
9. Where she (spend) her holidays?
VII. , - .
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1. Peter did not want to go to the cinema because he bad already seen the film.
2. I said that I would bring my coin collection.
3. I was surprised that she lived in the same house.
VIII. .
The British Press
The British press consists of several different kinds of newspapers.
The national papers are the ones sold all over the country, with a large readership or "circulation", giving general news; they are produced in the capital city, London. In recent years, the circulation of the naional newspapers has gone done. Some papers had to close because they weren't making enough money either from the sale of the paper or from the advertising in it. Some newspapers have started up in the last twenty years - for instance. The Sun and the Daily Star.
There are two main types of national paper - the "popular" papers and the "quality" papers. The popular papers are smaller in size with lots of pictures, big headlines and short articles. They are easy to read and often contain little real information; sometimes they give more space to opinions than to news. They usually have "human interest" stories, stories about ordinary people and events, which are included because they are amusing and odd. Examples of this type of newspapers are the Daily Mail, the Sun and the Daily Mirror.
"Quality" papers appeal to the more serious reader, who wants to read about politics and foreign affairs. These papers, such as the Daly Telegraph, the Times and the Guardian are bigger in size, with longer articles and a wider coverage of events. They have different pages for home news, foreign affairs, feature articles, fashion, business, sport and so on.
IX., :
1. The national papers are produced all over the country.
2. The popular papers are easy to read because they appeal to the readers who prefer entertainment to information.
3. The quality papers are for those who want to know about important happenings everywhere.
5
I. , .
1. His father was very poor.
2. I prefer to do this work today.
3. They are being followed.
II. , - :
1 (1)? (2) a) Present Simple
. (3) b) Present Continuous
. (4) c) Present Perfect Continuous
! (5)
.
2. (1) ) Past Simple
.- b) Past Perfect
(2) ? -
(3) .
(4) .
3. (1) 10 a) Past Simple
? - (2) . b) Past Continuous
(3) . - c) Past Perfect
, (5) d) Past Perfect Continuous
.
4. (1) . a) Future Simple
(2) . , b) Future Continuous
(3). c) Future Perfect
d) Future Perfect Continuous
e) Present Simple
III. , : a) Indefinite Tense b) Continuous Tense, c) Perfect Tense. .
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1. Granny is in the kitchen. She is making a plum-cake.
2. My wife often makes plum-cakes.
3. I have not seen Tom for ages.
4. Two years ago Derry bought a car.
5. The police caught Dan when he was robbing a shop.
IV. , . .
Robbery
Mr. and Mrs. Wilson were robbed last month. Their TV-set, their record player, and all their living-room things were taken. In fact, nothing was left in the living room but the rug. Fortunately, Mrs. Wilson's gold necklace was not taken. She was glad because it had been given to her by her grandmother years before.
The thief was seen driving away from the house in a truck. The neighbours called the police, and the man was arrested. He was sent to prison for five years.
A day after the robbery, the living-room furniture, the record player, and the TV-set were returned. The sofa had been broken but everything else was O.K.
V. .
1. Have all the telegrammes been sent off?
2. Why are you crying?
3. He was awarded several times for bravery.
4. He will pass his exams easily.
5. You speak French well, don't you?
VI. - .
1. The Browns (not/seem) to be a really happy family.
2. Two men (sit) on the bench.
3. What you (do) at this time tomorrow?
4. What kind of books (discuss) in class?
5. Call for an ambulance if he (feel) worse.
6. I sleep well, but last night I (not/sleep) at all.
7. You ever (be) to Italy?
8. When you rang me yesterday, I (have) a bath.
9. I'm afraid we (wait for).
VII. .
1. Mother was surprised that I would not go on the excursion with my class.
2. They did not know that I took part in the competition every year.
3. The teacher said that he was pleased with our work.
YII. .
Scotland
Scotland is a land of paradox. A small nation, its presence is felt all over the world. It is a country of preaches and poets, warriors and dreamers, inventors and explorers.
The country is only 440 kilometers (275 miles) long, and just over 240 kilometers (150 miles) at its broadest point, yet no one lives more than 65 kilometers (40 miles) from salt water.
You can find Scots all over the world from Alaska to Africa, and from the remote parts of India to Russia there are people of Scottish descent.
History is full of Scottish names - the poet Robert Berns, the explorer David Livingstone, the inventor Alexander Bell.
If your name is Mac-something you probably descend from clansmen. 'Mac' is part of a great many Scottish surnames, and its meaning is 'son'. It is sometimes spelt 'M' or 'Me', but it is pronounced just the same as 'Mac'.
In some places 'son' is used instead of 'Mac': MacDonald, Donaldson. The clan MacDonald is one of the oldest, it dates back to the 13th century.
IX. :
1. Why is Scotland called a land of paradox?
2. What is the meaning of the word 'Mac'?
.
ABOUT THE ROYAL FAMILY
In British Press you can find a lot of information about the Royal Family. Here are some facts.
The Prince of Wales, eldest son of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948 and was given the names of Charles Philip Arthur George.
He's got the rank of Commander in the Royal Navy and the rank of Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force.
He is also Chancellor of the University of Wales and President of the international Council of United World Colleges.
The Prince of Wales's interests are: conservation, farming, problems of young people, music, complementary medicine, education, disability, history, industry and management, archeology, flying, polo and fishing.
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The Princess of Wales, the former Lady Diana Spencer, was born on 1 July 1961, the daughter of the then Lord and Lady Althorp now the Earl Spencer and the Hon Mrs. Shand-Kydd.
The Princess has two elder sisters, and a younger brother.
She was married to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981. Her son, Prince William of Wales, was born on 21 June 1982.
The Princess is the first Englishwoman to marry an heir to the throne for over 300 years.
Her interests were: Wales, the disabled, children (their problems and development), ballet and music. The Princess was Patron or President of many organizations among which were the Welsh National Opera, the Royal School for the Blind, the London City Ballet and National Children's Orchestra.
1. What official duties does the British heir undertake?
2. When did the royal wedding take place?
3. What is strange about their marriage?
THE BEATLES
The first really important group was the Beatles, who had their first hot record in 1962. They came from Liverpool, a town in the North of England. Their music was hard and loud. It was influenced by American soul music, rhythm n blues and rock 'n' roll. Playing in small clubs, with poor equipment, they had to rely on the beat produced by drums, bass and rhythm guitars.
The Beatles went to Hamburg, in Germany, several times between 1959 and 1961, where they played for several hours each evening in small clubs. Because of their long experience, by 1961 they played their instruments better than most of other local groups. But what made the Beatles special was the singing and songwriting of John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
The group got a clever manager, a recording contract and a very good record producer.
By 1963 they achieved everything in Britain - their records all went to number one in the charts - so they turned to America and had even greater success. After two months in America, in early 1964, they had the top five records in the charts.
After 1963 the Beatles concentrated on films and albums (long-playing records).
By 1967 the Beatles started to grow apart. Lennon was interested in left-wing politics, Ringo Starr - in acting. They formed their own record company and made the white Album (1968), Abbey Road (1969), and Let Baby (1970), but after business problems and personal disagreements they split up in 1970.
, :
1. First the Beatles had to rely upon their producer.
2. Their better playing the instruments made the Beattles special among most of other local groups.
3. In America the Beatles had even greater success than in Europe.
COSMOPOLITAN BRITAIN
Are you going to London soon? If so, ask someone to take you to Portobello Road. It has a colourful street market. But I think the most fascinating part of it is the people of every race and colour who go there.
Hundreds of porters, cleaners and conductors in the Tube and buses of London are West Indians. All over London you can find Pakistani restaurants. In Soho there are Italians, Greeks and so many Chinese that part of Soho is usually called "China-Town".
Britain has always received immigrants. There are over a million Irish people who have come to Britain to get better jobs and higher wages.
Since 1950 great numbers of settlers have come from the West Indies, Pakistan and India. Others have come from Hong Kong, Cyprus, Malta and the "Old Dominions" like Australia.
All immigrants have brought something worthwhile. The hard work of the Chinese, the music (and cheerfulness) of the West Indians and strong family life of the Pakistanis and people from Bangla Desh can all teach something. They add some life and colour to our drab British cities. Go to a West Indian Party or watch the Chinese New Year celebrations in Soho and you will agree.
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:
1. What is the most fascinating part of Portobello Road?
2. Why do immigrants come to Britain?
3. What have they brought to Britain?
HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT ADAM ANT AND HIS MUSIC?
During the past ten years the music world has seen a number of different styles. 1976 saw the emergence in Britain of the punk bands: bud and noisy groups who sang about, and often practiced, violence. With their torn clothes, ugly tattoos and blank expressions punks were a strange, almost frightening, sight.
By 1979 the mood had changed. Punks' successors, the New Romantics, were a different matter. Wearing bright and unusual clothes the New Romantics made a refreshing change from the old punks.
But they lacked one thing - a central leader. Now they found him in Adam Ant, lead singer with Adam and the Ants, Britain's best known new rock band. Back in 1979, Adam Ant was still living under his real name of Stuart Goddard. An Art student in London, Mr. Goddard was bored by the music scene as he saw it and decided to create a change, establish a musical Renaissance.
The first thing he did was to change his name. He decided on Adam because he thought that the name represented that of a Renaissance character. And "Ant" seemed to complement his new name nicely.
The next move was to create a distinctive style for himself and his followers - or "Ant People" as they became known. Creating this new style wasn't easy and required careful planning.
Adam Ant is an admirer of the North American Indians and it was to them that he turned for his inspiration. Using brightly coloured make-up, Adam painted his face and placed feathers in his hair. His clothing looks like mat of original American settler.
To match this unusual style Adam had to create an equally unusual sound. He did this by turning away from traditional Western rhythms and instead adopted the drum Beats of American Indian. He added rhythms borrowed from the Zulu and Masai people of Africa and the result - "Ant Music" - is a unique sound which is becoming known throughout the music world".
:
1. Adam creates an unusual sound.
2. He decides to establish a musical Renaissance.
3. Mr. Goddard becomes a central leader of the New Romantics.
4. During the past ten years the music world has seen a number of different styles.
5. Adam uses an unusual style in his clothing
6. The New Romantics are something new in the music world
7. He changes his real name.
CHRISTMAS
It is traditional in Great Britain to play party games, such as charades, over Christmas, and hence the paper hats, crowns and balloons associated with the festivities. Crackers are a traditionally British Custom. They are indoor fire-crackers containing small gifts which spill out when the crackers are pulled, making a long bang. Also very much part of festivities are pantomimes. These are burlesque plays, often with only atenuous thread holding the performance together.
Carols are sung over the Christmas period. They derive from early song dances dealing with courtship and Spring. By the 14th century, the first religious carols appeared. The distinguished feature of carols is that they express joy and happiness.
Today groups of carol singers still go from house to house singing carols, usually with a money box, collecting for charity. Carols are sung almost anywhere. There are special carol services in churches. Sometimes they are by candle light. Fire and light are essential part of Christmas, remembering that Christ was the Light of the World and today candles shine brightly in churches and homes.
One of the high-lights of Christmas Day for the British is the Queen's speech. It was first started by King George V and which, although very modern in origin is now an essetial part of the day's festivities.
:
1. What is the origin of carols?
2. What do they express?
3. Where are carols sung?
4. Why are fire and light essential part of Christmas?
5. What else is an essential part of the day's festivities?
N 3
N 3 :
1. .
2. : , , , . .
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1
I. :
1. Ask Ann about your problem. She should be able to help you.
2. He can't play tennis very well now but he could do it quite well when he was younger.
3. Derek had to work late at the office last night. There was an important job to do.
4. Chris has to get up early tomorrow morning.
5. When I was a child, I could go to bed as late as I wanted.
II. : ought to, must can
1. You ___be very proud of your son winning so many prizes.
2. ___you help me with these letters?
3. Do you think I___take him a present?
III. :
1. We admired figure-skaters performing beautifully.
2. He refused to go for a walk being busy.
8. A broken vase was brought to the lady.
IV. (Participle I, Participle II) .
1. The friends were silent, only sometimes pronouncing a word.
2. Strictly speaking, it is not what I wanted to say.
3. She was surprised, as if told something unusual.
V. .
1. She insisted on his going to the cinema.
2. He tried to avoid answering my questions.
3. The teacher objected to our missing classes.
VI. , :
1. Watching TV does not do you any good.
2. Could you please stop making so much noise?
3. There is a little difficulty in translating this article.
VII. :
1. It was too late, so we decided to take a taxi.
2. They seem to have plenty of money.
3. Don't forget to post the letter I gave you.
VIII. , :
1. There was a lot of traffic but we managed to get to the airport in time.
2. Can you show me how to use this washing machine?
3. It is difficult to do this exercise.
IX. - .
1. They denied stealing / to steal the money.
2. I don't enjoy driving / to drive very much.
3. I can't afford going / to go out. I haven't got enough money.
X. :
Teachers and Actors
be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of the good actor: you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your audience; you must be a clear speaker, with good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to act what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear.
Watch a good teacher, and you will see that he doesn't sit motionless before his class: he stands the whole time he is teaching; he walks about, using his arms, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings. Listen to him, and you will hear the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always changing according to what he is talking about.
The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesn't mean that he will indeed be able to act well on stage: for there are very important differences between the teacher's work and the actor's. The actor has to speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the same words each time he plays the certain part; even his movements and the way he uses his voice are usually fixed before. What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem natural on the stage. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience takes an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don't understand something, they say so. The teacher therefore has to suit his act to the needs of his audience, which is his class. He cannot learn his part by heart, but must invent it as he goes along.
I have known many teachers who were fine actors in class but were unable to take part in a stage-play because their brains wouldn't keep strictly to what another had written.
XI. :
1. Why does a good teacher need some of the gifts of a good actor?
2. Is there anything in common between the teacher's work and the actor's?
3. What are the differences between the teacher's work and the actor's?
4. Why must a good teacher improvise in the course of the lesson?
XII. ?
1. A good teacher doesn't sit motionless before his class.
2. The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor means that he will be able to act well on stage.
3. A teacher's audience takes an active part in his play.
2
I. :
1. Tom can drive but he hasn't got a car.
2. I can't understand Martin. I've never been able to understand him.
3. Jill and Terry will be home from school soon. I must cook their lunch.
4. You needn't help with the shopping. John has already done it.
5. At school, I had to learn a lot of irregular verbs by heart.
II. : can't, could, have to, must mustn't
1. I___stand on my head when I was a child but I___do it now.
2. I really___go home. I___get up early morning.
3. We___ask Bill about his holiday. He doesn't want to talk about it.
///. :
1. sat in the armchair smoking his pipe.
2. We consume a lot of oxygen from the atmosphere required for respiration.
3. The problem was discussed at the conferences sponsored by the UN.
IV. (Participle I, Participle II):
1. helped me saying this.
2. Discussion provides a valuable means of uncovering errors.
3. There is no satisfying the scientists' curiosity.
V. :
1. Asking "why" is a useful stimulus towards imagining what the cause of purpose may be.
2. Sometimes chance is a factor in making a discovery.
3. Controlling the working conditions is the workers' right.
VI. , :
1. Producing children is the only thing that man can't do unlike woman.
2. They achieved a great progress by educating their child at home.
3. I don't see any danger in going there.
VII. :
1. Ought woman to have the same rights as man?
2. I have to accept the universe as it is.
3. So I must try to make the best of the time in which I live.
VIII. , :
1. It is scarcely possible to foresee a discovery that breaks really new ground.
2. The role of chance is to provide the opportunity.
3. I want to see every healthy man and woman on our planet at work.
IX. - .
1. have time thinking / to think is rare in the world today.
2. When did people decide becoming / to become friends.
3. We go to school learning / to learn how to learn.
X. .
Man and the Biosphere
Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a fairly complex nature. Man, like any other living organism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food and shelter. On the other hand, the biosphere is strongly effected by all sorts of human activity.
Technology powerfully amplifies the effects of human beings on the biosphere. Prehistoric man withdrew from the atmosphere only oxygen he required for respiration; technological man consumes a far greater amount of oxygen to support fires, power plants and chemical processes. The carbon dioxide produced by technological processes has measurably altered the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Apart from the amplification of such natural processes in the biosphere, technology has introduced into the biosphere substances wholly new to it; man-made radio-isotopes and a wide variety of synthetic materials such as plastics, insecticides, herbicides and numerous industrial materials. These, too, alter the biosphere.
The problem has already been discussed at a large number of conferences, some of them sponsored by the UN. However, relatively little has so far been done to check environmental pollution.
