LESSON 1
THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH
THE SOUNDS OF SPEECH
| active organs of speech air stream /eə(r) striːm/ alveolar ridge / ælˈviːələ/ back of the tongue /tʌŋ/ blade of the tongue front of the tongue glottal stop /ˈɡlɒt(ə)l/ glottis /ˈɡlɒtɪs/ hard palate /ˈpælət/ larynx /ˈlærɪŋks/ lips lungs /lʌŋ/ mouth cavity /ˈkævəti/ neutral position /ˈnjuːtrəl/ nose cavity oesophagus /ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/ organs of speech passive organs of speech pharyngal cavity /farinˈjēəlˈkævəti/ pharynx /ˈfærɪŋks/ protruded forward position /prəˈtruːd/ rims /rɪm/ rounded position soft palate /ˈpælət/ speech sound teeth ridge /rɪdʒ/ tip of the tongue to vibrate tongue /tʌŋ/ tongue-tip uvula /ˈjuːvjʊlə/ vocal cords voice voiceless /ˈvɔɪsləs/ windpipe /ˈwɪn(d)ˌpaɪp/ | ( ) , , , () , , () , , , , , |
SOUNDS AND PHONEMES
| a change of meaning a functional unit a language unit allphones /ˈæləˌfəʊn/ articulatory features /ˈfiːtʃə(r)/ distinctive language community phonemes /ˈfəʊniːm/ phonetic context the material form | () |
VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
| consonants /ˈkɒnsənənt/ diphthongoids diphthongs/ˈdɪfθɒŋ/ monophthongs /ˈmɒnəfθɒŋ/ noise component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/ the supra-glottal cavities /ˈɡlɒt(ə)l/ uttering /ˈʌtə(r)/ vowels /ˈvaʊəl/ | - , |
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DEFINITIONS
allophone -one of the slightly different ways that a phoneme can be pronounced.
consonant -a speech sound made by stopping all or some of the air going out of your mouth. A letter of the alphabet used as a symbol for a consonant. All the letters of the English alphabet are consonants except for 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u', which are vowels.
diphthong -a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another, like the oy sound in oil.
diphthongoids -in the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs.
glottal sound - one that you make in speaking when you partly or completely stop air as it passes through the throat.
glottal stop - a sound made by stopping air as it passes through your throat. In some varieties of spoken English a glottal stop is often used instead of a 't' sound in the middle or at the end of a word.
glottis - the part of your throat where your larynx joins your pharynx, between your vocal cords.
larynx - the organ in your throat that contains your vocal cords, which produce sounds.
lung - one of the two organs in your chest that fill with air when you breathe.
monophthong -a single, pure vowel sound.
obstruction -something that blocks a path, passage, door etc so that it is difficult or impossible for someone or something to move along or through it.
oesophagus - the tube in your body that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.
palate - the inside upper part of your mouth. The front, harder part is your hard palate, and the back, softer part is your soft palate.
pharynx - the part of your throat that leads from your mouth to your oesophagus.
phoneme -an individual speech sound that makes one word different from another.
rim - the edge of an open container or circular object.
utter -to say something; to make a sound.
uvula - the piece of flesh () that hangs down at the back of your mouth.
vocal cords - the very thin muscles inside your throat that you use for making sounds.
vowel -a sound that you make when you speak without closing your mouth or throat. One of the letters 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', or 'u', used for representing these sounds. In English, 'y' is sometimes considered to be a vowel.
windpipe - the tube in your body that carries air into your lungs from your nose or mouth.
English has 12 monophthongs: [i:], [i], [e], [æ], [u], [u:], [o:], [o], [a:], [a], [e:], [ә], of them 2: [i:] and [u:] are diphthongoids and 8 diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [oi], [au], [әu], [iә], [eә], [uә].
LESSON 2
SOUNDS IN THE FLOW OF SPEECH
SOUNDS IN THE FLOW OF SPEECH
| allophone /ˈæləˌfəʊn/ assimilation /əˌsɪmɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ excursion /ɪkˈskɜː(r)ʃ(ə)n/ exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/ isolated phoneme /ˈfəʊniːm/ neighboring sounds /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ recursion \ri-ˈkər-zhən\ the flow of speech |
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ASSIMILATION
| a process of alternation /ˈɔːltə(r)neɪʃ(ə)n/ adjacent sounds /əˈdʒeɪs(ə)nt/ adjoining sound /əˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/ articulatory tendency \är-ˈti-kyə-ləˌtȯr-ē\ complete assimilation /kəmˈpliːt/ degree of completeness degree of stability direction fully similar historical assimilation /hɪˈstɒrɪk(ə)l/ incomplete assimilation /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/ mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ partially similar /ˈpɑː(r)ʃəli/ phonetic structure physical and physiological conditions progressive assimilation /prəʊˈɡresɪv/ reciprocal assimilation /rɪˈsɪprək(ə)l/ regressive assimilation /rɪˈɡresɪv/ to merge into one /mɜː(r)dʒ/ | , , , |
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
| intervocalic combinations of consonants \ˌin-tər-vō-ˈka-lik\ /ˈkɒnsənənt/ intervocalic consonant nucleus /ˈnjuːkliəs/ peak /piːk/ prominent /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ speech unit /ˈjuːnɪt/ stave /steɪv/ syllabic /sɪˈlæbɪk/ syllable /ˈsɪləb(ə)l/ syllable /dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n/ syllable formation /fɔː(r)ˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ | , , , |
WORD STRESS
| accent /ˈæks(ə)nt/, \akˈsensh(ə-)l\ accentual patterns /ˈpætə(r)n/ constitutive function \ˈkänstəˌtütiv\ distinctive function force half-stressed syllables /ˈsɪləb(ə)l/ length /leŋθ/ loudness pitch /pɪtʃ/ polysyllabic /ˈpɒlisɪˌləbik/ primary stress /ˈpraɪməri/ recessive tendency /rɪˈsesɪv/ rhythmic tendency /ˈrɪðmɪk/ root syllable secondary stress sound quality stress weak or unstressed syllables /ʌnˈstrest/ | , , , , |
LESSON 3
CONNECTED SPEECH
INTONATION
| communicative meaning communicative type completeness of utterance /ˈʌt(ə)rəns/ conventional signs /kənˈvenʃ(ə)nəl/ dash /dæʃ/ falling curves /kɜː(r)v/ falling rise /raɪz/ falling tones /təʊn/ high fall /fɔːl/ high rise /raɪz/ incompleteness \ˌin-kəm-ˈplētnis\ intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ kernel /ˈkɜː(r)n(ə)l/ low fall low rise modality \mō-ˈda-lə-tē\ phrase stress /freɪz/ regular /ˈreɡjʊlə(r)/ rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ rising fall rising tones sense groups /sens/ speech melody syntagma \sin-ˈtag-mə\ timbre and tempo of speech /ˈtæmbə(r)/ types of scale /skeɪl/ unity /ˈjuːnəti/ vocal diapason \ˈvō-kəl ˌdī-ə-ˈpā-zən\ | , , , , , , |
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LESSON 4
CONSONSNTS
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION
| basic shape /ˈbeɪsɪk ʃeɪp/ degree of noise manner of articulation /ɑː(r)ˌtɪkjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ nasal cavity /ˈneɪz(ə)l ˈkævəti/ place of articulation production of consonant sounds |
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONSNTS ON THE DEGREE OF NOISE
| breath effort /breθ ˈefə(r)t/ noise consonants /nɔɪz /ˈkɒnsənənts/ partly voiced /ˈpɑː(r)tli vɔɪst/ strong noise consonants tone /təʊn/ voiced /vɔɪst/ weak noise consonants word position | , |
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS ON THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION
| complete obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/ friction /ˈfrɪkʃ(ə)n/ force of articulation /ɑː(r)ˌtɪkjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ incomplete obstruction /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/ momentary obstruction /ˈməʊmənt(ə)ri/ to be determined by /dɪˈtɜː(r)mɪnd/ type of obstruction point of articulation occlusive constrictive \kən-ˈstriktiv\ occlusive-constrictive | , - , - |
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS ON THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION
| apical / ˈā-pi-kəl/ backlingual bicentral bilabial /baɪˈleɪbiəl/ cacuminal /ka-ˈkyü-mə-nəl/ foci /foʊsaɪ/ focus /ˈfəʊkəs/ forelingual glottal /ˈɡlɒt(ə)l/ labial /ˈleɪbiəl/ labio-dental /ˈdent(ə)l/ lingual / ˈliŋ-gwəl/ mediolingual place of obstruction unicentral | () - () , , - |
LESSON 5
INTONATION
THE LINGUISTIC FUNCTION OF INTONATION
| force of utterance /ˈʌt(ə)rəns/ functional style /ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)nəl staɪl/ head intonation groups length of pauses /pɔːzis/ nuclear tones /ˈnjuːkliə(r)/ nucleus /ˈnjuːkliəs/ pausation pitch /pɪtʃ/ pre-head prominence of word /ˈprɒmɪnəns/ rate of speech speed of utterance /ˈʌt(ə)rəns/ tail /teɪl/ tempo /ˈtempəʊ/ terminal tone /ˈtɜː(r)mɪn(ə)l/ timbre /ˈtæmbə(r)/ | ((), .() ) , |
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THE STRUCTURE OF INTONATION PATTERNS
| pitch-and-stress sections pitch level pitch range sentence stress speech melody voice pitch | - , |
LESSON 6
VOWELS
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION
| advance /ədˈvɑːns/ articulatory level \är-ˈti-kyə-ləˌtȯr-ē\ back vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ back-advanced vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ character of the vowel end central vowel checked vowel /tʃekt/ close vowel free vowel front-retracted vowel /frʌnt rɪˈtræktid/ front vowel glide /ɡlaɪd/ intermediate /ˌɪntə(r)ˈmiːdiət/ lip position mid vowel open vowel retract /rɪˈtrækt/ rounded vowel /ˈraʊndɪd/ spread /spred/ stability of articulation /ɑː(r)ˌtɪkjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ tongue position /tʌŋ/ unrounded vowel \ˌən-ˈrau̇ndid\ | , , , , , , , , , |
LESSON 7
REDUCTION
THE PHENOMENON OF REDUCTION
| auxiliary verbs /ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/ borrowing /ˈbɒrəʊɪŋ/ complete loss compound words /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ disappearance /ˌdɪsəˈpɪərəns/ energy of breath /breθ/ form-word grammatical changes /tʃeɪndʒis/ historical process lexical changes lexical significance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ modal verbs non-reduced /rɪˈdjuːst/ partial loss /ˈpɑː(r)ʃ(ə)l/ personal pronouns / ˈpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl ˈprəʊnaʊns/ phonetic phenomenon / fəˈnetɪk fəˈnɒmɪnən/ phrases /freɪzes/ possessive pronouns /pəˈzesɪv ˈprəʊnaʊns / reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ retain /rɪˈteɪn/ rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ shortening /ˈʃɔː(r)t(ə)nɪŋ/ unstressed position /ʌnˈstrest pəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ unstressed syllables /ʌnˈstrest /ˈsɪləb(ə)ls/ weakening /ˈwiːkənɪŋ/ | , , , , , , , |
TYPES OF REDUCTION
| drop elisionv /ɪˈlɪʒ(ə)n/ obscuration of vowels /äbskyu̇ˈrəʃ(ə)n/ quantitative reduction /ˈkwɒntɪtətɪv /rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ qualitative reduction /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/ shortening of a vowel spelling /ˈspelɪŋ/ | , , , , , |
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LESSON 9
PHONOSTYLISTICS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
| aesthetics alliteration aspects of language structure assonance climax correlated issues crop up deviation dialectology ecthlipsis euphonology extra-linguistic factor feature of utterance general recognition grant independent status information theory interdisciplinary status invariant phonostylistics linguistics stylistic differentiation oral texts phonetic phenomena 'least linguistic' phenomena of speech systemic relationships relatively isolated function situational background linguistic features sub-set situational factors variables extra-linguistic context phonetic processes overlap well-grounded 'theory of phonostylistics' linguistic domain objectives of phonostylistics paralinguistics psychology psycholinguistics sociology sociolinguistics literary criticism primary determinants syllabification phonetic norm variation phonetic synonyms sound symbolism irony repetition inversion | , , , - , , , , - , , , , , |
STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
| stylistic differentiation conventional patterns intonation system invariant basis lexical and grammatical meanings verbal context co-occurring situational information non-verbal context informational (formal) style scientific (academic) style declamatory style familiar (conversational) style prepared and spontaneous speech spoken and written language monologue dialogue quasi-spontaneous speech public and nn - pub1ic speech formal and informal speech | () () () |
