2.702-2011 . .
2.701-2008 . . . .
2.104-2006 . .
2.709-89 , . .
2.755-87 . . .
2.710-81 - . .
2.721-74 . . .
2.051-2006 . . .
2.053-2006 . . .
() - , , . . , - , (, , , ) . (- ), , .
50- . . - , - , . " ", - . , , , : , , , , - , , . , , "" . . - 50- ., Texas Instruments , . , ( 10 . ).1951 . , Bell Labs 25 . . . Centralab, "" . Centralab , - - 1956 ., . Texas Instruments, 45 . 1959 . ( Texas Instruments) . (Fairchild Semiconductor) . 1958 . Texas Instruments (TI) Centralab - , . 1958 . . , . , "" , p-n-. . 1,6x9,5 , . , . . . RC- , . , . 1958 . . , TI. 1959 . " " 1960 . . . , - TI, " Texas Instruments ... ". , , , : , ( ); 10%; - ; . " " . 1959 ., Fairchild Semiconductor (FS) , -n- . , . 1961 . "Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation" : , . "Texas". . . 1962 . RCA . - .
|
|
|
|
. , . , 1000 . , . - p n . , . , . (), - . , , . , , - . , , , . , . ( ) . "" , (). 900 - 1200 , , , n . , . , - , , "" . , , p . p n . ( : , p n .) ( ) , . , . , . . ( , ), . . . , . , . , 100 , ; , 1000 , - ; , , - . , ( ). , . , , . 1971 . "" - .
|
|
, , , . . - . 1 , - 1 . , . , , , (, ). - . . , 100 , ; , 1000 , - , , , - . , - . . , , , .
, 2.109-73 ( " "). , , 11 0.000.028-73.
:
- 5:1, 10:1, 20:1 , ;
- 100: 1, 200: 1 .
.