Variant 1
I. Listening Comprehension (10 points)
Listen to the text. Choose the correct endings (a, b, c) of the sentences.
1. How did demand in gas changed in recent years?
a. it increased
b. it decreased
c. it fluctuated
2. Why is a system of pipeline needed when transporting gas?
a. to transport it via long distances
b. to take it from the customer
c. because it is cheap
3. How is gas transported over long distances?
a. it is heated up
b. using local pipelines
c. it is cooled down
4. What are some analysts concerned about?
a. that Russia has the world’s largest natural gas resources
b. that Russia will have a high level of control over the global LNG market
c. financial and political risks
5. What are the potential profits of developing LNG project?
a. very high
b. very low
c. is not mentioned
II. Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Read the text and decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
Energy Types
In our modern industrial society we consume vast amounts of energy to make our daily life more comfortable, productive and enjoyable. All of us use energy every day - for heat and light in living and working areas, cooking, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment. The choices we make about how we use energy - turning machines off when we’re not using them or choosing to buy energy efficient appliances - impact our environment and our lives.
Energy comes from several different sources. These sources can be split into two main categories: non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable types of energy include the three major types of fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels supply more than 90% of the world's energy. Oil leads with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy consumption, followed by coal (24 percent) and natural gas (22 percent). All of these are burned to produce power.
Energy comes in many forms – heat, light, sound, electrical, and mechanical. There is no shortage of energy in the world. If you stand on the beach on a windy day you can see the strength of the wind and the waves, and the powerful burning light from the sun. The problem is how to convert this energy into the type of energy we need most today – electricity.
1. To make our lives more comfortable requires much energy.
2. We cannot influence the level of technological influence on society.
3. Non-renewable types of energy are the most widespread nowadays.
4. One way to produce power is to burn fossil fuels.
5. We don’t have a shortage of energy.
Read the text and choose the correct answer to fill in the gap.
Newton’s second law of motion
You may be surprised to learn that Newton wasn't the genius behind the law of inertia. But Newton himself wrote that he was able to see so far only because he stood on "the shoulders of Giants." Although the law of inertia identified forces as the actions required to stop or start motion, it didn't quantify those forces. Newton's second law supplied the missing link by relating force to acceleration. This is what it said: When a force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the force. If the mass of an object is held constant, increasing force will increase acceleration. If the force on an object remains constant, increasing mass will decrease acceleration. In other words, force and acceleration are directly proportional, while mass and acceleration are inversely proportional.
Technically, Newton equated force to the differential change in momentum per unit time. Momentum is a characteristic of a moving body determined by the product of the body's mass and velocity. To determine the differential change in momentum per unit time, Newton developed a new type of math -- differential calculus. His original equation looked something like this: F = (m)(Δv/Δt) where the delta symbols signify change. Because acceleration is defined as the instantaneous change in velocity in an instant of time (Δv/Δt), the equation is often rewritten as: F = ma.
The equation form of Newton's second law allows us to specify a unit of measurement for force. Because the standard unit of mass is the kilogram (kg) and the standard unit of acceleration is meters per second squared (m/s2), the unit for force must be a product of the two -- (kg)(m/s2). This is a little awkward, so scientists decided to use a Newton as the official unit of force. One Newton, or N, is equivalent to 1 kilogram-meter per second squared. There are 4.448 N in 1 pound.
So what can you do with Newton's second law? As it turns out, F = ma lets you quantify motion of every variety. Let's say, for example, you want to calculate the acceleration of the dog sled shown below.
1) Where did Newton get the idea of inertia?
a) from a friend
b) from works of other outstanding scientists
c) from experiments
2) What was special about Newton’s second law?
a) it related force to acceleration
b) it quantified forces to start or stop motion
c) it identified forces to start or stop motion
3) According to Newton’s second law what is correct?
a) changing force will not influence acceleration
b) changing mass will immediately influence acceleration
c) changing force will immediately influence acceleration
4) Why did Newton develop differential calculus?
a) to determine the differential change in momentum per unit time
b) to equate force to the differential change in momentum per unit time
c) to determine a moving body by its mass and velocity
5) Why did scientists decide to use a Newton as the official unit of force?
a) because it would sound nice
b) because it was short
c) because he came up with that unit
