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"" (. 1.1)

- , , , , , , . , , . "" , ( "-"). "" , , , , .

"" , , , , . "" .

"" : - , , .

, ( , , "-") ( "-", . . , ).

, , , , , , . . .

- , , , . . , , .

, , "" "". - , . , , , , .

"" "" "". , , , , , . , .

"" fail-safe concept [6]. fool-proof concept. , [4-6] (availability).

"" (. 1.2)

. , .

, (. 6.8-6.14) , - () ().

"" (. 1.3)

, , , , " , .

"" (. l.4)

"" . " " , , "" (maintainability). "", . . , "" , . "", " " (maintenance support, supportability) - , .

"" ( ) "", "", " ", " " .

"" " " (. 1.5; 4.7)

, , , . . () . .

-. , , . , , . , , . , () . , , . . () . , () , , , , . , .

, , , , .

( ). .

() , () () .

" ", " ", " ", " " (. 2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 2.4)

. , , , . , - () () .

- () () , . , , , .

, .

, , . , - () () .

. - .

, [5, 6] . , " " (operating state) " (non-Operating state), . " " , (standby state) (idle, free state). , "" (internal disabled state), (), (external disabled state), . , .

" " " " (. 2.5, 2.6)

. , , , . () , () . .

. . , . .

. , . . . , . - () () () .

"", " " (. 3.3, 3.4)

, . , .

. , .

" " (. 3.7)

, . , , , - . , , , , - , , . . (). .

, . , , (critical) (non-critical). (major) (miner) . .

; , . , , . , .

( , ), .

" " " " (. 3.1, 3.12)

. , , . () () .

, . , , , , . , , , ; . ( ) . - , .

, , .

[6] , : , .

"" (. 3.13)

, , , , , . ., .

, .

" ", " ", " " (. 3.17, 3.18, 3.19)

, .

, , . , . , , .

" " (. 3.20)

, , , () , , . , , . . . () . , .

, , , . . .

"" (. 4.1)

, . , . . , , . .

"" - , , , ( , . .). (, ) .

[5, 6] , : (required time), (non-required time), (idle time) . .

" ", " ", " ", "", " ", " ", " " (. 4.2-4.8)

. , , , , . , , , , . . ( - ). , , . . , . , .

- , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , .

, , . , . , . , , . - .

(), () . k - (k +l)-o , k =1, 2 .

. , .

, , , , ( ) .

() . . () .

, .

. . . , , .

" ", " ", " " (. 4.10; 4.9; 4.11)

- , - . , , , , , .

( , ), , , , , , ( ) .

- ( ). ( ) . , () , . .

" ", "", "" (. 5.1; 5.2; 5.3)

() () . , , . . [9].

( ), , .

, . , , , , . . [9].

" ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " " (. 5.4; 5.5; 5.8; 5.9)

( ) , . . . .

, . , .

" " (. 6.1)

, [2, 3, 7, 12]. , . , .

. () , - , . , . .

.

, [8]. , , ( ) , . . " - " , , . .

. , .

, , . [3, 8, 9].

, - () () .

" " " " (. 6.2; 6.3)

, , . (. 6.26) K , ( )

- (. 6.11);

- (. 6.21).

" ", " ", " ", " " (. 6.4; 6.5; 6.6; 6.7)

. , . [4-6]. , , .

" " (. 6.8)

, ( ) . t ( t ). - , t - . (t) 0 t

(1)

{×} - , . (t) t. .

v, (1)

, (2)

v * v **- ( , , ).

, [8].

(t) F(t) f(t) :

. (3)

" " " ", : , , . 0 t

. (4)

0 t :

, (5)

N - , ;

(t) - , 0 t.

N [2, 3, 7].

(1) (2) , . () , . ( ).

"- " "- ", "- ", "- ", "- " (. 6.9; 6.15; 6.20; 6.24)

t g

, (6)

F(t) - (, ).

, - t g

P(t)- .

(6), - . , , , 90; 95; 99; 99,5/ . . [0; t ] 0,10; 0,05; 0,01; 0,005 . . g 100%, . , , , - g, g=50%, .

- , . , () .

" ", " ", " ", " ", " " (. 6.10; 6.16; 6.18; 6.21; 6.25)

, , , , , .

1

,

F (t) - ,

f (t) - .

(3) 1 :

.

. (7)

N - t =0,

t j - .

(7) , [2, 3, 7].

" " (. 6.11)

, . , , . : ; , . . , - . ( ) . [2, 7].

, ,

. (8)

t - , r (t) - , , M{r(t)} - . t. t .

, (8)

. (9)

(8) r(f) - , t.

(9) , , , . - , (9) t r(t) [3].

" " " " (. 6.12; 6.22)

l (t)

. (10)

(t)1, .

, (11)

, (5).

.

" " " " (. 6.13; 6.14)

m(t)

, (12)

D t - ,

r (t) - , t.

r (t+t) -r (t) D t.

. (13)

(12) [ t 1, t 2], t 1£ t 1£ t 2. , , (12) (13) t .

m(t)

, (14)

(13).

.

- (8) .

, . " " failure intensity, " " (. 6.12) failure rate. , .

" ", "- ", " ", " ", " " (. 6.19; 6.20; 6.21; 6.22; 6.23)

.

" ", " ", " ", " " (. 6.26; 6.27; 6.28; 6.29)

. , , . , [3, 5, 6].

. . () - () () .

"" (. 7.1)

- . - , . . , [11]. () . ( ), ( ), , , , , .

" ", " " (. 8.1; 8.2)

, , , (, . .), , . , ; , , () [10, 11].

, .

, , ( , ), - ( ) . , .

( , ) () ().

" " (. 9.1)

- , - , . .

, , , , , , . - , () . , [1].

" " (. 10.1)

. () , , , , . , .

[2, 3, 7, 10]. (. . ) (. . ). . () .





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