II
-
3: III
: 3
1. :
- - III , , .
III , III .
:
, .
(1,5%). . 7,4 Ca5(PO4)3OH.
1% , - , - . . .
; 4,110‾4%. , . , " ". . . Sr-90. , .
. 110‾5%. . . , . , .
:
) , , - ;
) ;
) ; .
:
1) :
- ;
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- Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+;
- ;
2) :
- ;
- .
2. :
, , , .
3. :
3.1 . ;
3.2 . . ();
3.3 . ;
3.4 ;
3.5 . Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+;
3.6 III .
4. :
1
III
, , , , , .
, , .
, , , .
III .
H2SO4
, , . , , . , Ks (aSO4) = 110‾10; Ks (CaSO4) = 2,510‾5; Ks (SrSO4) = 2,810‾7.
, , , , , - ( CaSO4 ).
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4↓ + 2 HCl
Ba2+ + SO42‾ → BaSO4↓
SrCl2 + H2SO4 → SrSO4↓ + 2 HCl
Sr2+ + SO42‾ → SrSO4↓
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4↓ + 2 HCl
Ca2+ + SO42‾ → CaSO4↓
BaSO4 SrSO4 . (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2]:
CaSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 → (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2]
, Ba2+, Sr2+ Ca2+ , (NH4)2SO4, , CaSO4 .
0,08 , 1 .
, , , () , , , . , .
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: ; 5 , , . 1-2 2 . . . .
: , , , .
5-8 . . , , .
t
BaSO4 + (NH4)2CO3 (.) → BaCO3 ↓+ (NH4)2SO4
BaSO4 + CO32‾ → BaCO3 + SO42‾
BaSO4 BaCO3 , :
(Ba2+)
1. K2Cr2O7 BaCrO4 . , , , : K2Cr2O7 Cr2O72‾ CrO42‾:
Cr2O72‾ + H2O ↔ 2 HCrO4‾ ↔ 2 H+ + 2 CrO42‾
CrO42‾ , Ks(BaCrO4) , Ks(BaCr2O7). :
2 BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O → 2 BaCrO4↓ + 2 KCl + 2 HCl
2 Ba2+ + Cr2O72‾ + H2O → 2 BaCrO4↓ + 2 H+
( HCl, HNO3), . BaCrO4 ( ), (. ), . .
HCl + CH3COONa → CH3COOH + NaCl
H+ + CH3COO‾ → CH3COOH
:
2 BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2 CH3COONa →
→ 2 BaCrO4↓ + 2 KCl + 2 CH3COOH + 2 NaCl
2Ba2+ + Cr2O72‾ + H2O + 2CH3COO‾ → 2BaCrO4↓ + 2CH3COOH
0,15 . 2+ (I, II), (I), (II), (III) (III), .. . Ca (II) Sr (II) < 7 K2Cr2O7 . .
: 2-3 3-5 1-2 . . .
2. (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3, . , :
BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3↓ + 2 NH4Cl
Ba2+ + CO32‾ → BaCO3↓
BaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 + 2↑ + 2
BaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → 2 CH3COO‾ + 2+ + 2↑ + 2
BaCO3 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + 2↑ + 2
BaCO3 + 2 H+ → 2+ + 2 + 2
: 2-3 3-4 (NH4)2CO3. . : , . .
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3. (NH4)2C2O4 C2O4, .
aCl2 + (NH4)2C2O4 → aC2O4↓ + 2 NH4Cl
a2+ + C2O42‾ → aC2O4↓
BaC2O4 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + 224
BaC2O4 + 2 H+ → 2+ + 224
: 2-3 3-4 (NH4)2C2O4. . : , . Cl.
4. Na2HPO4 HPO4, :
aCl2 + Na2HPO4 → HPO4↓ + 2 NCl
a2+ + HPO42‾ → HPO4↓
2 HPO4 + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 + (H2PO4)2
HPO4 + CH3COOH → CH3COO‾ + 2+ + H2PO4‾
HPO4 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + H3PO4
HPO4 + 2 H+ → 2+ + H3PO4
: 2-3 3-4 Na2HPO4. . : , . .
5. CaSO42H2O ( ) 2+ , :
BaCl2 + SO4 → BaSO4↓ + Cl2
Ba2+ + SO42‾ → BaSO4↓
2+ Sr2+, , , .. SrSO4 BaSO4 (Ks(SrSO4) = 2,810‾7; Ks(BaSO4) = 1,110‾10).
: 2-3 2-3 . .
(C2+)
1. (NH4)2CO3 aCO3, :
aCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → aCO3↓ + 2 NH4Cl
a2+ + CO32‾ → aCO3↓
aCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 + 2↑ + 2
aCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → 2 CH3COO‾ + 2+ + 2 + 2
aCO3 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + 2↑ + 2
aCO3 + 2 H+ → 2+ + 2 + 2
: 2-3 3-4 (NH4)2CO3. . : , . .
2. (NH4)2C2O4 .
CaCl2 + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4↓ + 2 NH4Cl
Ca2+ + C2O42‾ → CaC2O4↓
, (HCl, HNO3):
aC2O4 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + 224
aC2O4 + 2 H+ → 2+ + 224
20 .
. , - .
: 2-3 2-3 . . : , . HCl.
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3. Na2HPO4 HPO4, :
aCl2 + Na2HPO4 → HPO4↓ + 2 NCl
a2+ + HPO42‾ → HPO4↓
2 HPO4 + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 + (H2PO4)2
HPO4 + CH3COOH → CH3COO‾ + 2+ + H2PO4‾
HPO4 + 2 HCl → Cl2 + H3PO4
HPO4 + 2 H+ → 2+ + H3PO4
: 2-3 3-4 Na2HPO4. . : , . .
4. (II) K4[F(CN)6] - (II).
CaCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] + 2 NH4Cl → Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]↓ + 4 KCl
Ca2+ + [Fe(CN)6]4‾ + 2 NH4+ → Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]↓
, 50 . , ( ) (II) . ( ) . Ca2+ .
: 3-5 3 NH4Cl NH4OH, 5-6 K4[Fe(CN)6] . .
(Sr2+)
1. (NH4)2CO3 , , :
Sr(NO3)2 + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3↓ + 2 NH4NO3
Sr2+ + CO32‾ → SrCO3↓
SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Sr + 2↑ + 2
SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → 2 CH3COO‾ + Sr2+ + 2 + 2
SrCO3 + 2 HCl → SrCl2 + 2↑ + 2
SrCO3 + 2 H+ → Sr2+ + 2 + 2
: 2-3 2-3 (NH4)2CO3. . : , . .
2. (NH4)2C2O4 .
Sr(NO3)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 → SrC2O4↓ + 2 NH4NO3
Sr2+ + C2O42‾ → SrC2O4↓
, (HCl, HNO3):
SrC2O4 + 2 HCl → SrCl2 + 224
SrC2O4 + 2 H+ → Sr2+ + 224
: 2-3 2-3 . . : , . HCl.
3. CaSO42H2O ( ) Sr2+ :
Sr(NO3)2 + SO4 → SrSO4↓ + (NO3)2
Sr2+ + SO42‾ → SrSO4↓
, , - . .
Sr2+ 2+, , , .. BaSO4 SrSO4 (Ks(SrSO4) = 2,810‾7; Ks(BaSO4) = 1,110‾10).
, . Ca2+ 2+ Sr2+.
: 2-3 2-3 . .