, , e.g. What's that smell? - Something is burning. ? - - .
, , e.g. They are getting married in June. , e.g. We are playing tennis tomorrow. .
, e.g. The Earth is always moving. .
: , , Continuous, : to see, to hear, to know, to feel, to think, to realize, to remember, to want, to wish, to love, to like, ...
to be + ing (Participle I)
Participle I
- .
open + ing - opening - .
I am reading We are reading
you are reading you are reading
he ^^
she __ ^ is reading they are reading
My friend is reading a book now.
Is your friend reading a book now?
What is your friend doing now?
Who is reading a book now? - My friend is.
: now, at present moment; .
I Exercise. , :
| I | to be | to watch TV toniaht |
| to have coffee now | ||
| to Dlav chess | ||
| to write a letter to his parents | ||
| We | to answer the teacher's auestions | |
| to Daint the walls | ||
| They | to speak to their friends |
II Exercise. , Present Continuous.
1.Peter and Ben are at home now. They (to play) chess. Nick is at home too. He (to watch) TV. 2. Ben (to show) me his new picture now. His picture is very good. 3. "What Ann (to do) now?". "She (to write) a letter to her friend". 4. "Peter, close the door, please". "What Peter (to do)?". He (to close) the door. 5. "Open your books at page 19 and read the new text". "What the students (to do)?". "They (to read) me new text".
I was reading
you were reading
he ^
she __ ^ was reading
The Past Continuous Tense, ( )
to be + Participle I.
we were reading you were reading
they were reading
I was watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday. I wasn't watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday. Were you watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday? Who was watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday? -
was.
Past Cont. : at 5 o'clock yesterday. : . I was writing a letter to my fried at 5 o'clock yesterday.
, Pact Indefinite. I was doing my homework when mum came.
Past Cont. 2- , : While, When, -for, dur<"4 <ft/rf I was watching TV while he was writing a letter.
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Past Cont. , , : all day (night) long; all the time; the whole evening (morning), from 5 to (till) 6. They were discussing the problem the whole morning yesterday.
I Exercise. , , .
| I | to have dinner | At 6 o'clock yesterday | |
| to answer a telephone | When Peter came into the | ||
| to tell John about his | room | ||
| They | to be | studies | When the telephone rang |
| to discuss the problem | The whole evening yesterday | ||
| You | to listen to my lecture | When 1 came up to them | |
| to drive in a car |
II Exercise. , , ,
( ).
1. (Mother / cook / in the kitchen)
Mother....
2. (Father / make / a phone call)
Father....
3. (I / get ready to go out)
I....
4. (My sister / wash / some clothes)
My sister....
The Future Continuous Tenses. ( , )
to be + Participle I.
I will be having a lecture at that time on Wednesday.
, , . , -, , , , .
I Exercise. .
1. "He'll be leaving next week", John said.
2. She says she'll be having lunch in a cafe at that time.
3. We'll be having coffee after dinner.
4. "He'll be lecturing on Russian art next year", she said.
5. He will be writing a letter to his friend at 5 o'clock tomorrow.
6. They will be sleeping at 7 in the morning, don't ring them up.
7. I will be bathing in the Black Sea at this time next week.
8. That student will be writing down some words in the library the whole evening.
11 Exercises for training:
Exercises I
:
1. At present moment the children are listening to a favorite fairy tale. 2. She will be having her music lesson at 12 o'clock. 3. At this time tomorrow the boys of our group will be playing football. 4. The student is talking with the Dean now. 5. All morning the grandmother was baking an apple-pie. 6. He was going to the university when he met his school-mate yesterday. 7. The girl was rehearsing for a concert for 3 hours yesterday. 8. The actors of this theatre are playing very well in this play today. 9. I was sleeping yesterday when you rang me up. 10. All the way home my father was driving very fast.
Exercises II
, :
1. Is Jerry very busy just now? (study).
2. Is Henry very busy just now? (skate).
3. When did she meet Helen? (walk along this street).
4. When did he ring you up? (have supper).
5. Why is father making such a terrible noise? (teach the dog to bark).
6. What are you doing in this stop? (buy a milk coat).
7. When did you catch that cold? (skate on a stadium).
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8. When did Philip lose his camera? (walk about the city).
9. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (fly to Kiev).
10. What will she be doing at the concert tonight? (sing Russian folk-songs).
11. What will grandmother be doing when we arrive? (walk in the garden).
Exercises III
.
1. Listen to those girls. What language they (speak).
2. Listen! Can you hear those children next door. They (cry) again.
3. Why you (look) at me like that? Am 1 green or something?
4. Last night I (read) in the bed when suddenly I heard a voice downstairs.
5. What you (do) at this time yesterday?
6. You (have) a bath when I phoned you?
7. What you (do) at this time next Friday?
I (work) in the garden.
8. Come & speak to me about it in your lunch hour. 1 (type) your stuff.
9. Go straight up the street. The car (wait) for you at the entrance to the department store.
10. At this time tomorrow she (do) her shopping.
11. Bob (take) a nap while I (paint) a ceiling yesterday.
12. Dan fell off the tree while he (rescue) the cat.
13. They are in the cafeteria. They (have) their breakfast.
14. I'm afraid I must go now. Where you (go)?
15. Well, I (laugh) because you (talk) nonsense.
12 Exercise IV
, . , .
1. Please don't interrupt. He talks with sense.
2. I'm thinking he is a good chap.
3. We saw Amanda in the gallery two days ago.
4. Are you believing in ghosts?
5. Listen! Somebody tries to start the car.
6. I will be having tea on the terrace as usual.
7. Don't you recognize her. She stands at the news stand.
8. Yesterday I told her everything & showed her the papers.
9. When you come to Athens I will be crossing the border.
10. It was still snowing when somebody knocked at the door.
11. As I walked home yesterday, I was meeting a beggar.
12. He always goes there in the spring time.
13. Will you help me? I'm planting a cherry-tree.
Exercise V
, Continuous Indefinite.
1. These things (not / belong) to my parents. 2. I (not / believe) this man's story. 3. "When the Browns (to return) to London from Paris?". "I think they (to come back) two months ago". 4. "The Volkov (to have) breakfast now?"-Yes. They always (to have) breakfast at this time. 5. He (cross) the street when the car (strike) him. 6. It (drizzle) when they (come) out of the house. 7. When the world war (break), John (live) in Holland. 8. Jack (make) at least ten spelling errors in every lesson. 9. The mechanic (repair) my car today. So I must go to work by the underground. 10. I (go) to the seaside on my holiday. 11. The idea first (occur) to me that afternoon as I (put) the car into the garage. 12. I probably (drop) the key when I (look) for small change in my bag at the news-stand. 13. When I (get) home, my animals (sit) at the door waiting for me. 14. You (know) her? She (stand) at the news stand. She (wear) a scarlet rain coat. 15.They are so angry. A few more words & they (quarrel) again. 16. I don't think she (be) there at that time. She(sketch) somewhere along the coast. 17. I hate that place in autumn. It always (rain) there. It (rain) when we came & and it (rain) when we left.
Exercise VI
.
1. 10 . . 2. 9- -. . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , , , . 6. , . 7. , 23 . 8. , . 9. , . 10. . - (sail away) . 11. . , . 12. . 13. , . 14. , .
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13 Exercise VII
.
A. : " ?"-" , , , " - .
" , ? ". " ..., , ". " ?" - , . "
, ?" " , ".
B. . (have a
bad cold) (sniff) ,
(shake) u . . : "
(handkerchief)?" - . .
.
C. .
. (reach) (cool-bell),
. ,
, . " ; "-
. : "
. , . (disappear) ,
(explain to) (owner of the house)
.
Exercise VIII
Continuous.
14 Exercise IX
, .
The Island of Sakhalin.
When people go to bed in Moscow the people I' Sakhalin are already up to meet the new day. The island lies in one of the most easterly regions of the USSR, just off the great Asian Continent. It is 948 kins long from north to south, 160 kms wide in its widest part and only 6 kms in its narrowest. In the north the island is washed by the cold waters of the Okhotsk. Sea and in the south by the warmer Iapanese Sea.
The climate in those regions is generally harsh, h s either too hot or too cold for the European, but not so cold as on the mainland and considerably water. August on the island of Sakhalin is the warmest month of the year and February with its high winds and heavy snowfalls, the coldest. Winds often blow in from the sea bringing with them rain clouds. The rain, which is plentiful during the summer month, makes the island very green. It's full of forests, hills and mountains and many rivers and lakes. It is rich in timber and fish, much richer then many places on the mainland.
Sakhalin has plenty of mineral resources, notably oil, coal and gas. V/e are doing much to develop the industries of the island and to make it one of the most prosperous regions of the USSR. The people of Sakhalin do not feel cut off from the mainland. Ships and planes come in every day bringing all sorts of goods lor the consumers and the developing industries. There is a regular dealy radio and TV service for the whole island with local programmes and programmes relayed from the mainland. A trip by air to any ol" the big cities on or near the eastern coasts of Siberia takes only 2 or 3 hours. By sea it takes longer, of course, as much as 50 hours by passenger ship. Man;, islanders prefer the sea passage in summer. They consider it pleasanter than the swift flight above the cloud; one can really enjoy the open sea when it is sunny with neither wind nor rain, with the water around in its purest, blues color.
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The Sakhalin administrative region also includes the 2 chains of the Kuril islands that stretch out in a wiile Lire from the southernmost tip of Kamchatka to the northern islands of Japan. The largest of the Kurils are centres of the Soviet far-eastern fishing industries. There are as many as 50 islands both large and small in the 2 chains that divide the Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk Sea on the map. There are more volcanoes are many, but they are not very high. The highest of them seach 2 or 3 kms from the sea level. The Kuril islands are realh the tops of old volcanoes jutting out from the sea and they give the island a speciiic wild beauty that is typical for this part of the world.
I. :
;. What is the geographical position of the island of Sakhalin? 2. How long and how hide is the island of Sakhalin? 3. What do we mean when we say thai the island of Sakhalin is harsh? 4. Which is the coidest and which the warmest month on the island? 5. What are the island's main resources? 6. What are the daily connections of the island with the main kind? 7. How long is the trip to the island by air and by sea? 8. What part does the administrative region of Sakhalin include? 9. What makes the island specifically beautiful?
. :
be situated; nourishing: numerous: commodity: sever; to achieve; wreaks; continent; to be full in
sii.ith very clear.
Hi. , , .
1. The island is out off from the continent by the Okhotsk Sea & the Japanese Sea.
2. The land of the island is covered with many forests, woods, hills & mountains.
3. The Sakhalin region includes more island in its territory, so it forms a large peninsula.
4. There are many industrial resources on the territory, so we can call Sakhalin one of the most
prosperous region of the USSR.
IX. .
The Perfect Tenses, ( )
, .
have + Participle II
Participle II - to
begin-began -
begun
to work-worked -
worked
She has gone for a walk.
.
She hasn't gone for a wolk.
Has she gone for a walk?
Where has she gone?
Who has gone for a wolk? - She has.
to have I've; we've; they've:; he's; she's; it's; haven't; hadn't
Pres. Perfect Tense , - , . .
We've done our homework & can go for a walk now. - .
Pres. Perfect - . Pres. Perfect , ( , , , ). I have seen this film. (I can discuss it with you now)
Pres. Perfect , When, .
When did the geograph class start? It began an hour ago. When did you see him? I saw him yesterday.
Pres. Perfect
.
Pres.Perfect : ever, never, just, already, yet, lately, recently.
This morning/evening, to day, this week (year) for, since.This (it) is the first time.
Pres.Perfect :
? - What did you say?
.-1 did not hear your question.
.-1 forgot. *
. - Now I understand.
? - Where did you buy the book?
I Exercise. , , .
| I | invited them | ||
| You | Have | just | returned from Rostov |
| We | already | Told him about that | |
| They | Has | never | Met Mr. Smith |
| she | answered his letter | ||
| arrived |
II Exercise.
:
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1.Peter has just gone for a walk. 2.My parents have returned from Moscow this week. 3.Jane has typed a lot of letters today. 4.These girls have bought the new French textbook today. 5.The boy has read this book this month. 6.My younger sister has just gone to bed. 7.She has seen her dean today. 8. We have already discussed his point of view on this problem.
III Exercise. , Pies. Perfect Tense.
1.Father /get /a new job / in South Africa. 2.He & mother / leave / for Cape Town. 3.Marry / marry / an architect / from Canada. 4.1 / pass / my / law / exams. 5.1 / meet / the man in the street.
The Past Perfect Tense. To have + Participle II
(had)
Past Perfect , .
1
Past Perfect Past indefinite
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when I called him. by 5'o clock yesterday.
- When he came to the station the train had already gone.
Past Perfect . Past Indefinite.
- got up, went to the bathroom, had breakfast & left for work.
Past Perfect : by (5' clock yesterday....) By that time he had already signed the letters. ( ) , Past Indefinite.
knew that the Arsenal had won the game.
Past Present , , , , . My friend left for Moscow yesterday. He had never been there before. Hardly, Scarcely
+ Past Perfect when + Past Indefinite. Nearly, Barely No sooner + Past Perfect then + Past Indefinite.
- He had hardly done it when they came.
(Hardly had he done it when they came.)
- No sooner they had arrived than it started to rain.
(No sooner had they arrived than it started to rain.)
I Exercise. . Past Perfect.
1. By that time they had settled the matter. 2. She had finished the book by last Wednesday & gave it back to Jane. 3. After he had walked round the city for two hours he was awfully tired. 4. They had attended the Festival of Song before they left for Odessa. 5. He went for a walk after he had finished the translation. 6. After the manager had received all the visitors he dictated a few letters. 7. He knew that the Browns had gone to Scotland by car. 8.1 heard that Peter had not gone out, I wanted him to help me.
II Exercise. , .,
1. His parents didn't live there any longer. They... (go) tcflive in the country. 2. His sister wasn't there either. She... (get) married. 3. His house was larger. He (build) the third storey. 4. Your friends, Mike & Brendan, were away. They... (leave) for Sweden. 5. The little boy couldn't wait to get to the sea. He... (see) before. 6. His hair was wet. He... (have) a shower.
111 Exercise. , .
1. There was nobody at the platform, (the train/ just/ leave)
2. We didn't find anybody at home. (Everybody/ already/ go out)
3. The children were playing in the garden. (They/just/ come/ from school)
4. Bob wasn't at home when I arrived, (he/ arrange/ to meet/ some friends/ at the club)
5. I couldn't recognize the child after all that time. (I/not/ see/ her/ for seven years)
IV Exercise. . : after, as soon as, before, until, till, when.
e.g. The sun set. They finished their work, (before) The sun had set before they finished their work.
1. The sun rose. He wekesup. (before)
2. He died. He was very ill. (before)
3. I understood the problem. He explained, (as soon as)
4. She wrote the letter. She went to the post office, (after)
5. I drove to the airport. The plane took off. (when)
6. She read the message carefully. She wrote the reply, (before)
7. He left the room. I turned on the radio, (as soon as)
8. He had dinner. He went to the cinema, (after)
9. The man didn't leave. He didn't receive a definite answer, (till)
10. We didn't say a word. He finished his story, (untill)
11. We reached the football ground. The game started, (when)
12. Jihn worked as a skilled builder. He began to study architecture, (before)
13. Harold couldn't leave for home. He completed every thing, (till)
14. The snow was very deep. It snowed heavily, (after)
The Future Perfect Tense, will have + Participle II
I'll have worked. I wont have worked.
Future Perfect , .
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^ when I call him. e.g. He will have finished his work
by 5 o'clock tomorrow.
I Exercise. Future Perfect.
1.1 (translate) this letter by 6 o'clock this afternoon. 2. I (take) this doll by her birthday.,3. He (not/ learn) his lesson by tomorrow, if he has not yet begun to study it. 4. This work is so difficult, that I (not/ complete) it by the end of the year's time.5 After you finish this book, you (leam) over a thousand words. 6. By the end of the month the commission (come) to some decision. 7. If she returns after 1 July, I won't see her as I already (go) to the South by the time.
Exercise. , Future Perfect Tense.
l.JBy the time he arrives they (leave). 2. She is ill now. By the 1-st of April she (be in hospital for 3 weeks). 3. He (pay all the money by the 21-st of August). 4. How long has she stayed with your family? By the end of the month she - 5. She has lived here a long time. By 200 she - 6. He is still a school boy, but by this time next year he (leave school).
Exercises for training:
Exercise I
, Pres. Perfect Past Indef.
1. Mr. Hayes (work) as a solicitor, when he (live) there. 2. The Darcies (live) in Bristol. They (live) there for 5 years now. 3. My grandparentsfare$.old. They (be) married for 55 years. 4. When I last (see) him he (be) 10 years old. 5. The summer (be) very hot so far, don't you think? 6. Mr. Blake (die) 10 years ago. I (never/meet) him 7. He (not/ know) my husband. He (never/ meet) him. 8.1 (not/ call) him yesterday, I (be busy). 9. You (wear) your hair long when you (be) at school? 10. Oh, I see the clock (be) slow - No, it (not/ be) slow, it (stop). 11.1 (leave) home at 8.00 & (get) here at 12. 12. We (miss) the bus. Now we'll have to walk. 13. The lecture just (begin). You are little late. 14. He (break) his leg in a skiing accident last year. 15. We (have) a storm for three days. It (ruin) everything here.
Exercise
, Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. I (leave) Moscow before Fred came to Moscow. 2. Everybody (go) to the party that is why the flat was empty yesterday. 3. He (be) here for two hours by the time you come back. 4. By the time you finish^ cooking theyr (do) their work. 5. Nell scarcely (settle) herself on a little heap of straw in the fell corner, when she fell a sleep. 6. The rain nearly (stop) when he reached his hotel. 7. No sooner the curtains fell he (rise) to go. 8. There (be) voices heard from the kitchen, so I went straight there. 9. If you think it over you'll see I am right. But they (settle) it in their favour. 10. No sooner he (start) to play than one string on the violin broke. 11. I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning. 12. At school I (be) never good at languages but here I pick up a bit of French. 13. I understand you (have) an unpleasant experience at the week-end? What (happen) exactly? 14. He scarcely (say) the first words when she interrupted him. 15. If you don't take a taxi, you will be late. By the time you get to the theater the first act (be) over & you (miss) the most interesting dialogues.
Exercise III
, .
1. Have you written to Barry Lane yet? 2. Bernard Show has written the play Pigmalion. 3. Newton has
been an English physicist. 4. Last night I had watched a wonderful ballet "Swan Lake" in the Bolshoi
Theatre. 5. You have never been to this place before. 6. Oh, you have come just in time. We're beginning in a
moment. 7. Who has invented telephone? 8. As soon as they will have finished breakfast the children ran out
to play. 9. He had just answered all the questions. 10. Have you heard? Paul brought a new car. 11. Oh, I
broke my pencil. Can you lend me yours? 12. By 3 o'clock yesterday he had arranged everything for the trip.
13. You had made 3 mistakes in your dictation. 14. My great - grandfather traveled to India once. 15.1
can't go out because I didn't finish my work. 16. I have spent my last dollar on the taxi but I arrived in
time. 17. Your cheek is like a grater! Didn't you shave today? 18. This story had happened many years
ago. >-
Exercise IV
, Perfect Tenses:
1. Why can't you give the book back, (not finish, yet) 2. Why didn't you tell him my new address, (forget) 3. What did you learn about Bob. (get married) 4. What's the matter with you? I think...(catch cold) 5. Where is yesterdays newspaper, (just, throw out) 6. How long have you lived in Moscow, (since, be bom) 7. Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow, (move to their new house) 8. Will you still remember me in five years, (forget) 9. How much time has passed since he left, (a fortnight) 10. Why is it so quiet in the house, (everybody, leave) 11. Are they leaving? (not change their plans) 12. Why didn't Kate want to go to the cinema, (see the film) 13. Why couldn't you get into your flat at once? (lose the key). 14. Where will you go in summer, (not decide, yet) 15. How many times have you been to Leningrad? 16. Will he be at home on Saturday, (leave for Scotland). 17. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all his money)
Exercise V
Past Indefinite, Past Continuous Past Perfect.
1. He (close) the window & (sit) in his armchair, reading a newspaper. 2. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 3. The rain (stop) & the sun (shine) brightly. 4. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. I (watch) his eyes pretty closely while we (exchange) these remarks. 6. When we (reach) the field the game already (start). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 8. When I (look) for my passport, I (find) this old photo. 9. You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)? 10. He (not/ be) there five minutes, when the storm (begin). 11. He (not/ allow) us to go out in the street as it (blow) hard. 12. I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 13. When I (hear) his knock 1 (go) to the door & (open) it but 1 (not/ recognize) him at first because 1 (not/ wear) my glasses. 14. When he (seal & stamp) the envelope, he (go) back to the window & (draw) a long breath. 15. I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick? -1 (use) because lately I (break) my leg. 16.We (be) very glad to get home again, but we (have) a wonderful day. 17. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round & (hold) up his hand. The car (stop). 18. When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress & (look) very pretty. 19. When 1 (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife. 20. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 21. While I (say) good-by to the rest of the guests Isabel (take) Sophie aside. 22. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house & that they (want) some water to more tea.
. Exercise VI
1. , , . 2. . 3. 1983 . 4. , . , . 5. ?- , . . 6. , . . 7. , . 8. , fero' - . 9. , , , . 10. ,. , . 11. , , . 12. , , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , , - . 17. . 18. , . 19. 8 . . , . 20. , . 21. , . 22. , , . 23. . 24. , , , , . 25. , .
Exercise VII
, The Present Indefinite, The Present Continious, The Past Indefinite, The Present Perfect.
1. In the morning, coming down the stairs, Rosemary (see) Tony (lie) in the sitting room. "What- you(do/ here"? " I (sleep) here". "I am sorry we (take) your room". 2. He's a night watchman. He (work) at night & (sleep) in the daytime. It's noon now, & he still (sleep.) 3.1 first (meet) Richard a month ago, & I (meet) him several times since then. 4. I usually (go) to bed before midnight. 5. I (sit) here all night & I swear I (not/doze) for a moment. 6. What's your brother doing? - He (play) tennis with our neighbour. They (play) it every day. 17. He (want) to buy a car, but first he must learn how to drive, so he (take) driving lessons. 8.1 (write) to my parents a fortnight ago, but I've not a reply, so I just (write) again. 9. "Where is my daughter?" "She (drive) without a license." 10. It's p.m. & he (not/eat) anything today, but he (eat) a good dinner last night. 11. Is Mary ready to come out? - No, she still (dress). 12.1 (read) it in 1990.13. He often (read) detective stores; he (read) a very good one now. 14. She (not/have) a holiday since 1996, but she (have) a very long holiday in 1995. 15. We (stay) here for nearly a week. "I hope you (not/think) of leaving."
Exercise VIII
Perfect.
Exercise IX
Travel.
The Sovet Union Is a vast country where one should take travel very seriously. The distances one has to cover 1^\1*... for business or pleasure are often enormous. Nowadays we can get to the farthest regions of our country in a matter of days or even hours! We can travel fast by ordinary trains and faster still by express trains. The fastest possible way to get to your destination is by the modern jet plane.
There seems to be no better way of traveling than by air. It is quick, comfortable and pleasant. In the USSR travel is cheap in comparison, say, to England. The prices for air tickets are moderate, just slightly higher than rail fares. Thanks to the good work of Aeroflot many millions of people travel by air annually. The Sovet Union has the longest air routes in the world and all the main cities are connected by air lines.
Some people still think that rail travel is more interesting than air travel. It is certainly the older mode of getting to places. The train is much slower, of course, but we have the compensation of seeing some of the land we are traveling over in the daylight hours. Most long distance trains have sleeping cars and one carriage is a restaurant on wheels. Traveling by rail is more leisurely. Passengers can sleep or read us much as they like. Many people like to spend long hours at the windows of their carriages watching the changes of scenery.
Here are some comparisons of the time necessary for air and rail travel. The distance between Moscow and Paris, the capital of France, by rail is 3,033 krns and it takes 60 hours to cover that distance. By air, on a TU-104 jet plane, it takes only 3 hours 30 minutes, using a more direct route, of course. Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is 2,638 kms away by rail, and it takes 58 hours to get there. The IL-18 plane (turboprop) gets you there in just 5 hours. Thake your choice!
1. :
1. When do we say one should take travel seriously? 2. Does it take much time to cover long
distances now? 3. What is the fastest way of getting to one's place of destination? 4. Why do
people consider it best to travel by air? 5. Why do many people still prefer to travel byfrain?
6. Is travel by rail much longer than travel by air? How can you explain the difference?
2. :
1. Of all means of transport that you know which is:
the most comfortable? the safest?
the least comfortable? the most widely used?
the most enjoyable? the most reliable?
the most popular? the cheapest?
the oldest?
3. , .
4. .
