3
1. , [2] 6 [3].
2. [4] [3]..
3. [1].
4. 4 .
1. - / . .2010.
2... .. : -13 ., - .: . , 2011.
3. . : / . .. .. : . , 2014.
4. . . .. ..: , 2006.
1. 108 40, 400 128 , 24144,6.
. : D :
0 - = 0 ∙
= 0 (1- ),
= n /(n + n )
n - ,
0 , - .
.
MC10H8 = 128/. , 128 /128 = 1.
MC6H6 = 78/. , (400 128) /78 = 3,49. : = n C10H8/(n C10H8 + n C6H6) = 1/(1 + 3,49) = 0,22.
: = 24144,6× (1- 0,22) = 18832,8.
2. 383 w = 15%.
. :
D = × m D = × m,
m- (/ )
2: = 0,516 = 1,86.
C m. , 85 15 , , 1000 2 15×1000/85 = 177. = 92/, 383 1 177/92 = 1,92, m = 1,92/ 2. : D = 0,516×1,92 = 0,99, D = 1,86×1,92 = 3,57.
= 3,57, = 101.
3. C6H12O6 0, 20 1,066×105.
. P = RT,
- , /; R - 8,31/(×), - , ; P - , .
|
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, P , .
= P 1 /(RT 1) = 106,6/(8,31×273) = 0,047(/).
P2= RT 2 = (106,6×8,3)/(8,3×293) × 273 = 114,437 = 114437
4. Rb - 2% ( r 1 /).
. Rb - , . :
Rb → Rb+ + -
(, /) w, %, 2%.
: Rb = 102,5 /.
1 m - = r . V = 1.1000=1000 .
w,, 100 0,2 Rb. , 1 (1000 ): m Rb = 2,0 .
Rb :
Rb = m Rb / ( Rb . V) = 2,0 /(102,5 . 1) = 0,02 /.
.
, : Rb+ = OH- =0,02 /.
: I = 1/2∑ i . zi 2 =1/2 ( Rb+. z Rb+ 2 + OH-. z OH- 2) =
1/2 (0,02. 12 +0,02. 12) = 0,02.
I = 0,02 -: γOH-= 0,91. OH- = OH-. γ OH- = 0,02 . 0,91 = 0,0182 /.
= - lg OH- = - lg 0,0182 =1,74.
:
= 14 - =14-1,74 = 12,26 > 7, , .
5. H2CO3, 0,01 /.
. H2CO3 , :
H2CO3 ↔ H+ + CO3 (1- ),
CO3 - ↔ H + + CO3 2- (2- ).
H2CO3 ( ) :
1 = = 4,45.10-7 ; 2 = = 4,8.10-11 .
2 << 1, 2- , a 1- . (, /) ( , /) , 0,01. H2CO3 1/2 : (H2CO3) =1/2 H2CO3. , H2CO3 2 -. , H2CO3 0,01/2 =0,005 /.
:
= ‑ lg [+]
H+ CO3 ( 1- ): [H+ ] =[ CO3 ] = a . c.
a ( 1<10-4)
_____ ______________
a = Ö 1 / = Ö 4,45∙10-7 / 5∙10-3 = 0,0094
, : = ‑ lg [+] = -lg (a . c) = -lg (0,0094∙0,005)=
-lg (4,7∙10-5) = 4,33
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6. Al2(SO4)3 0,25 /. .
. Al2(SO4)3 - , :
Al2 (SO4)3 → 2Al 3+ + 3SO42- .
Al()3 2SO4. , ( ). 3 :
Al 3+ + 2 ↔ Al2+ + +
AlOH 2+ + 2 ↔ Al()2+ + +
Al()2+ + 2 ↔ Al()3 + +.
, Al2(SO4)3 ( + ), < 7.
:
1 = = ;
2 = = ;
3 = = .
1- :
1 = = =10-14/1,38.10-9 = 7,25.10-6 .
3, Al(OH)3 - .
, Al 3+
: Al 3+ = 2. 0 = 2. 0,25 = 0,5 /. : ________ ___________
β =Ö 1 / Al3+ = Ö7,25×10-6 /0,5 = 3,81 .10 -3.
H+ ( 1- ):
[H+] = β ∙. Al 3+ = 3,81 .10 -3 . 0,5 = 1,91 .10 -3 /.
:
= ‑ lg [H+ ] = ‑ lg 1,91 .10 -3 = 2,6 < 7, , .
7. Fe2S3:
, 2) , 1 .
. Fe2S3 - , : Fe2 S3 → 2Fe 3+ + 3S 2-. :
Fe2 S3 () ↔ 2Fe 3+() + 3S 2-()
( ), ( = 1.10-88), i ≈ i.
Fe2S3: = ( Fe3+)2 . ( S2- )3 = ( Fe3+)2 . ( S2- )3.
(C , /). :
= (2 )2 . (3 )3 = 108 ( )5. :
5 _______ 5__________
= Ö /108 = Ö1∙10-88 /108 = 1.10-16 /.
, 0,3 :
V = (m / M)∙ = (1/208)∙10-16= 4,8.10-13 ,
= 208 / Fe2S3 .