| Transudate vs. exudate | ||
| Transudate | Exudate | |
| Main causes | Increased hydrostatic pressure, Decreased colloid osmotic pressure | Inflammation |
| Appearance ( ) | Clear () | Cloudy () |
| Specific gravity ( ) | < 1.012 | > 1.020 |
| Protein content ( ) | < 2 g/dL | > 2.9 g/dL[4] |
| fluid protein serum protein | < 0.5 | > 0.5[5] |
| Difference of albumin content with blood albumin ( - ) | > 1.2 g/dL | < 1.2 g/dL[6] |
| fluid LDH upper limit for serum | < 0.6 or < ⅔ | > 0.6[4] or > ⅔[5] |
| Cholesterol content (0 ) | < 45 mg/dL | > 45 mg/dL[4] |
| < 30 / | > 30 / | |
| () | ||
| <0,6 | >0,6 | |
| <10109/ | >100109/ , , : >10109/, <:100109/ | |
| < 1109/, >50% | >1109/ >50% ; >50% - | |
| >7,3 | <7,3 ( ) | |
| , | ( ), | |
| >500 / (, , ) | ||
| 3- 4- ( , ). , |
Arterial blood gas
| Analyte | Range | Interpretation |
| pH | 7.357.45 | The pH or H+ indicates if a patient is acidemic (pH < 7.35; H+ >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H+ < 35). |
| H+ | 3545 nmol/L(nM) | See above. |
| PaO2 | 9.313.3kPa or 80100 mmHg | A low PaO2 indicates that the patient is not oxygenating properly, and is hypoxemic. (Note that a low PaO2 is not required for the patient to have hypoxemia.) At a PaO2 of less than 60 mm Hg, supplemental oxygen should be administered. At a PaO2 of less than 26 mmHg, the patient is at risk of death and must be oxygenated immediately.[ citation needed ] |
| PaCO2 | 4.76.0 kPa or 3545 mmHg | The carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) is an indicator of CO2 production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the PaCO2 is determined entirely by its elimination through ventilation.[7] A high PaCO2 (respiratory acidosis, alternatively hypercapnia) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, ahypermetabolic disorder), a low PaCO2 (respiratory alkalosis, alternatively hypocapnia) hyper- or overventilation. |
| HCO3− | 2226 mmol/L | The HCO3− ion indicates whether a metabolic problem is present (such as ketoacidosis). A low HCO3− indicates metabolic acidosis, a high HCO3− indicatesmetabolic alkalosis. As this value when given with blood gas results is often calculated by the analyzer, correlation should be checked with total CO2 levelsas directly measured (see below). |
| SBCe | 21 to 27 mmol/L | the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a CO2 of 5.33 kPa, full oxygen saturation and 37 Celsius.[8] |
| Base excess | −2 to +2 mmol/L | The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of acid-base disorders, and indicates whether the patient has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of the pH change.[9] |
| total CO2(tCO2 (P)c) | 25 to 30 mmol/L | This is the total amount of CO2, and is the sum of HCO3− and PCO2 by the formula: tCO2 = [HCO3−] + α*PCO2, where α=0.226 mM/kPa, HCO3− is expressed in millimolar concentration (mM) (mmol/l) and PCO2 is expressed in kPa [10] |
| O2 Content (CaO2, CvO2, CcO2) | vol% (mL oxygen/dL blood) | This is the sum of oxygen dissolved in plasma and chemically bound to hemoglobin as determined by the calculation: CaO2 = (PaO2 * 0.003) + (SaO2 * 1.34 * Hgb) where hemoglobin concentration is expressed in g/dL.[11] |
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| Site | Normal pressure range (in mmHg)[2] | |
| Central venous pressure | 38 | |
| Right ventricular pressure | systolic | 1530 |
| diastolic | 38 | |
| Pulmonary artery pressure | systolic | 1530 |
| diastolic | 412 | |
| Pulmonary vein/ Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure | 215 | |
| Left ventricular pressure | systolic | 100140 |
| diastolic | 3-12 |
