.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


You were given the choice between war and dishonour. You chose dishonour, and you will have war

.

  • -- 19481958 .
  • 1963 1988 . ( 19661973)
  • -- 19511970 .
  • 19591966 .
  • 19631988 .
  • 19661989 .
  • -- 19761992 .
  • 19791980 .

  • , 19581959 .
  • - 19591962 .
  • 8 1966 1968 .
  • 19681969 .
  • 19691973 .

. , , - , , 1964 . . - . 1963 1968 . , , 1965 . . . , 43% .

' . , , 1974 . : 18 , , . , . 1975 . , . .

.

.

.

. 1976 1981 . , . . . 3 , 90% . , , , . 1 . . . 1980 . . 1977 . . 1979 . . 1 , .

. , , , , 1961 1963 . , 31 , , , , . , . . . , .

. 1965 1969 . . , . . 1966 1969. - -. 1933, ( ) ; . 1968 ; , , . 20 ( ) . : , .

. , , , . 1969-1974 . .. , 1969-1972 29 26 . . Realpolitik ( ), . 1971 , 1972 - (-1). 1973. , . - , . 1973 , 1977.

. , 1993 2001 . , . , , . 1994 . 2- . 6 1994 . , , 1999 . . , .

, 1982 . . ().

1969 1976 - - 1982 1998 .

: (1887-1975) (1890-1979) . -. . . 1950 . 1951 , - . 1956 . . 1958 1945 .. 1959 . 1960 (Hannelore Renner) (1933-2001), 1948. .

: , (1946). . 1954 -, 1955 -. 1963 -, 1966 1973 -, 1966 , 1969 .

,

~.- (. Jean-Marie Le Pen; 20 1928) , . , 1956. 1972. 1974, 1988, 1995 . 2002 . , 16,86% 17,8% . 2007 . , , 10 % ( ). . 1,2 , .

.- (. Luigi Longo, 15 1900, , 16 1980, ), .

. , , .

 

. () (1921). 1921 1928 (). 1922 . 4- 3- (). 19241926 . (Avanguardia). 1926 3- ; , (1928). , . 1931 . 1932 ( ) . 1935 , . (19361939) , ( ), . , , 1941 . (1943) . . () , , . 5- ( 1946) . 1964 , , . 1972 . 19461947 , 1948 . , . , 1981

 

. ' 1994 . . 1- , 1998 . 18 . + 1996 2001 . , , . .

. , -, , 1959 1964 . : , .

.

. - , . : , . 50- . .

. , 2005 .: , ,

. , 1955 . . 55% , . 6%, , , .

.

. . 1992 1997 . , - - .

. (9 1891, 1 1980, ) , .

 

. . 1911 . 19111912 . 1914 . . 1921 (). 1922 Avanti!. . 1926 . 19311939 , Nuovo Avanti!. 30- , 1934 1- . 19361938 ( ) 2- . 1938 , . 1943 19431944 19491963 Avanti!. 19451946 . 19461947 . 19461948 . 19481958 . 1956 . 19491952 . 19501955 - . 1952 . 19561957 , , . , 1956 . . 1963 - , . - , 1966 - . 1969 . 1968 . 19681969 . 1970 . , .

. , 1968 ., , . 1968 1974 . , 60- . , . : - , - . . 3- . 1969 1970 , .

. 1969 1974 . . - , , . . -.

. (9 1939, ) , - (19961998, 2006 2008). (19992004). - . 21 2007 . . 28 , 2 , . 2008. 24 , . 8 .

. , . 1981 1989 . . . 1982 . , .. . 1983 . , , . . 2 : 1986 . 14 3. , 1987 . 10- , , .

, - , 2007 . .

- (. 4 1960) - ( 14 2004). . , ; , - , . , , , , , , . 9 2008 , , 43 , -. 40 . , , .

. , , , .

. , 1952 . .

.

. , 1945 . 3- .

. , , . , . - , 1945 1952 . , : , , . : , .

. 1979 1990 . . , , , . : , , . . .

. , , 50-60-80- .

. .

. - , .

; ; 1893 1935 . . (1931-34). 1918 . , , , . .

: (1892); (1906); (1911); (1912); (1920); (1930).

. , 1974 . - , , , . 1974 1976 . . . 1976 . .

. (4 1892, , 20 1975, , ) 1939 1975, . ́ (. Caudillo de España por la gracia de Dios ).

. , - 1898 , , . . 1910 , . . . . , Regulares Indígenas ( ), . 1912 1916 1920 1926 , . 1916 23 (Comandante) , 33- . 1926 . , 1928 .

. 1931 . . , . 15 1931 : , , , , . , . , , 1851 , , , , , , . . , , , , Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) (), , . 1933 , . . , . 1934 , . , , . 1936 , , , . (SEDA), , , . , , . . , 11 8 , . .1 1936 . , , . . , ¡Viva España! ( ! ), : ¡Patria, no!, ¡Viva Rusia! ( , (. . )).

(1936-1939). 18 1936 . , , , . , , , . . , . / , , . , , ( ). 29 1936 . , , , , , , . (). . , , . 1936 . , , . . , , , ( , , , . , , . , , -, - . , 1937 , , , , , . 1 1939 . .

. . , , , ( ). , , , . , , , . , . , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , 60 000 . , .

. 50- . . , , - . . . , . , , (Valle de los Caídos). ( , , , ) ́ . , , , VI. 15 , . , , 27 1975 . 50- . , . ( ) . , , Opus Dei. 60- . , , , , . ( 1947 ) . , , 1975 . I . 1973 , , . . . , , 20 1975 . .

, . . ( ), -, ( , , ), . , , . , , , ( , , ). ( 1922 , , 1940 , , ), , . , . , . .

. 1970 1974 . , . , , , .

I- (. 5 1938 ) 22 1975, . -.

 

. XIII, ; . , XII. 1947 , . , , . 1969 31- , , . , , 22 1975 .

. , , . , , (1977) . 1978 , , , . I, , , , , , . ( ), . , . 1981 , , . , , : , ! 1982 . , .

. 12 1962 , I, . :

  • , (. 1963)
  • , -- (. 1965)
  • , (. 1968).

, . (. 2005) (. 2007), , , .

.

. 30 1874 . -, 7- , , , . , (. Jennie Jerome), . , , , , . 1875 (. Elizabeth Anne Everest). . , -. , , , . , ́, , . , , , : 13. 13-. 1886 . , , (. Harrow School). 1889 , , , . 12- , , . , , 1892 . 28 1893 ( ), . - (92 102) - , , , . 1893 1894, 13 ( 150). 20 1895 . : , .

. Ÿ . , , : , , , , 16 1895 . 1896 , , , (. Daily Graphic) , . , . , - . , 25 , . , , . , , : . . . , , . , , , ( 60- ), , . 1897 , , , ( ) , - . , . , , , . : , - . , , , , : [] . , . , , [] - . , , . The tribesman torture wounded and mutilate dead. The troops never spare a single man who falls into their hands whether he be wounded or not. The field hospitals and sick convoys are the especial targets for the enemy and we destroy the tanks by which alone [water] for the summer can be obtained and employ against them a bullet the new DumDum bullet... the shattering effects of which are simply appalling.

...

Financially it is ruinous. Morally it is wicked. Military it is an open question and politically it is a blunder.[5]

, 8500 (. The Story of the Malakand Field Force). - , 200 . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , - , , . . : [], , , , . I pulled to a trot and rode up to individuals firing my pistol in their faces and killing several 3 for certain 2 doubtful one very doubtful.[6]

, . , , , , [6]. , , . , . . , , , 1899 .

. , (. The River War) . 1899 . , : (. The Clerical Tithes Bill), . , , .

- . 1899 , , , . 18 . , , , 250 . ( 8 ), , - , [5]. 14 , .15 , (. Haldane), . . , , . , . , . , , , , , , . 50 . , , , . , , , . 12 . - , . , , , 1912 , [5]. , , , , (. Daniel Dewsnap). 25 . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , .

. 1900 (). , , , , , . 222 [7] 26 . . . , . 18 1901 . , . , , , , , , . 13 , (. William Brodrick). , , , . . 1902 1903 ( ) . 31 1904 . 12 1905 ( ) -, . 1908 - , : , , -, , 12 . -, , , . , : . , , -, . A curious and characteristics solution was reached. The Admiralty had demanded six ships, the economists offered four, and finally we compromised on eight[5]

, , 1908 . , , .

. 14 1910 35 , . 5000 ( 200 ), , 1923 . . . , , , . 1910 , . . , , , , [7]. , , 18 . 1910 . , . . 3 , 100 -. , . , - , . , , . . , , . - , . : [] , . , , [] ? He [Churchill] and a photographer were both risking valuable lives. I understand what the photographer was doing but what was the Right Honourable gentleman doing?[[5]

1911 . . 14 , , 8 . 15- , 19 . , , , , , 50 . , [5]. 20 , . : . . : . , , . , , . . , , -. . , , , , . 1911 - , 23 .

. . , , , . , XIX XX , 1906 , , , , , , . - . . : , , . , , 1912 4 . 15 , , . Queen Elizabeth, 1948 . . , , . , , 2,2 51 % - . , . , . 1915 .

. 3 1914 , 28 , , - , , - . 5 , . , 10 , 2500 . , , . (. Landships Committee) . 1915 , . , , , . - , 15 , 6- , . 1916 . 1917 , 1919 . (. Ten Year Rule) , ,



<== | ==>
| -
:


: 2016-09-06; !; : 383 |


:

:

- , , .
==> ...

1694 - | 1483 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.071 .