IP-
TCP/IP IP-,
. , , , 2. , 8 , 256 : 0 255. 254, 0 255 . , 98.255.255.255, .
, IP- :
IP- ,
, .
IP- .
, , -
, , .
.
IP- 1,
, , -
. (limited broadcast).
,
.
, ,
, , , , . , 192.190.21.255 192.190.21.0. (broadcast).
IP , , . , : , , , . , .
IP-, 127. ( ). , , . , . IP- ? , ? . 127.0.0.0.
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IP- IP-,
127. IP- 127...,
,
. , -
(loopback).
, D, -
, .
IP-,
, ,
. . , . . . , ( ), , .
DHCP IP . DHCP , , DNS . ARP BOOTP. . . DHCP BOOTP , BOOTP .
15. IP NAT/PAT.
" () ip "?
IP-, () , , ( ), , .
. . IP , , IP , , .
, , NAT (2 2). NAT - IP . NAT (Network Address Translation) IP IP . , - IP 2 (. . 2), 2 .
- . 2 ping 82.112.111.35 (IP 1 . 2), , () 1. , 2. 1 ping 192.168.0.100, 2 (, - IP ?), 2 1.
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16. ( ).
, (), (, , IP- ) , (Protocol, Listen Port, Listen IP). , , , "Destination IP" ("IP ") , ("Destination port".)
TCP- UDP-. TCP UDP, .
TCP UDP, , () . . , , IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).