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FAQ

........................................................................................................

1. .................................................................

1.1. .............................................................................

1.2. 1 2 ...................................

1.3. ...........................................

1.4. .............................................

2. .........................................................................................

2.1. .............................................................................

2.2. 1 2 ...................................

2.3. 1 2 ......................................

2.4. 1- ..............................................................

3. .............................................................

3.1. .............................................................................

3.2. ......................................................

()....................................................................

.....................................................................................................

, .

:

1) , ;

2) t£100, , ;

3) .

, -. . , , , .

.

1.

1.1

3.

: .
, B x L: 12,4 36
: 5
, : 2,8
:
, : 6,2 3,6
:
400400

1.2 1 2

δ = 28 , ρ = 5/³

8040 ρ = 5 /³

δ = 15 , ρ = 7 /³

δ = 150, ρ = 5 /³

/ δ = 220, ρ = 25 /³

.3.

4. 1 2

/2
  I.  
1 0,028⋅5 0,14
2 0,08⋅0,04⋅5⋅2 0,032
3 0,015⋅0,12⋅7 0,0126
4 0,15⋅5 0,75
5 / 0,12⋅25 3
  gsk =3,93
  II.  
6 2
  qsk = 2
  gsk+qsk=5,93

1.3.

1.3.1. 1 . . =1,5

, B=1,5 .

1 .. :

-

g = (∑ gsk,j⋅ γG,j+∑gsk,j⋅ ψO,i⋅ γQ,i)⋅B= (6,27⋅1,35+4⋅0,7⋅1,5)⋅1,5 = 19 /2

-

g = (∑ ξ ⋅ gsk,j ⋅ γG,j+gsk,j⋅ γQ,i) ⋅B= (0,85⋅6,27⋅1,35+4⋅1,5)⋅1,5 = 19,8 /2

1 19,8 /2

1.3.2.

2-

:

l = l − 2 ⋅200 − 2 ⋅ 5 − 2 ⋅ 25 = 3600 −400-10 − 50 = 3140

:

leff = l − 400 −10 − 2 ⋅ 25 − 2 ⋅100/2=3600 − 410 − 50 − 100 = 3040

:

3- .

sd Vsd

Sd =17,7 ⋅ (3)2 / 8 = 20 ⋅

VSd =17,7 ⋅ 3 / 2 = 26,7 ⋅

20/25

fck = 20 = 20 /2, γc =1,5, fcd = fck / γc = 20 / 1,5= 13,33

S500:

fcd = 435 = 435 /2

220. 159. : (220-159) / 2=30,5.

: h =31, h =30. 10. b= 10=1500-10=1490.

beff = b - 2⋅15 = 1490 - 2⋅15 = 1460 . 26 . : n = 1500/200=7,5 . : 7 .

: 7 159 = 1113 . : 6 26 = 156 . : 1269 .

: (1490-1269)/2=110,5 .

h1 = 0,9 d = 0,9⋅159 = 143 .

hf = (220 −143) / 2 = 38.5 .

() : bw = 1460 − 7 ⋅ 143 = 459 .

4-

d = h − c = 220 − 25 =195 ,

c = a + 0.5⋅ ∅, a=20 ( XC1).

=25 .

, , ,

ξ = hf /β = 38,5/195 = 0,197

. . 0,167 <ξ = 0,197 < 0,259 - 1, , - , .

MRd = (1,14 ⋅ ξ − 0,57 ⋅ ξ − 0,07) ⋅α⋅ fcd ⋅ beff ⋅ d2 =

= (0,27,⋅1 ⋅13,33⋅1460⋅1952 = 199,8 ⋅

: M Sd < M Rd

MSd = 20 ⋅ < M Rd = 199,8 ⋅

, bw = beff = 1460 .

αm

αm = MSd / α ⋅ fcd ⋅ bw ⋅ d=20⋅106/1⋅13,33⋅1460⋅1952 = 0,368

αm= 0,039 η = 0,968

Ast = Mst / fyd ⋅ η ⋅ d2 = 20000000 / 435⋅1⋅195 = 235,8 2

, .

8 ∅8 S500 Ast = 402 2

( ):

ρ = ASt / bw⋅ d= 235,8 / 495⋅195=0,00263⋅100%=0,26%

ρmin = 0,15% < ρ = 0,26% < ρmax = 4%

∅4 S500 200 .

23279-85.

× 1440 × 3790 ×  
∅ 4S 500 6727 - 200 20

∅ 4S 500 6727 - 200 20

, . 2-3 .

.

∅4 S500.

h ≤ 450 ,

S = h / 2 = 220 / 2 = 110 , S = 100 .

:

VSd ≤ VRd,ct Vsd = 26,7

VRd,ct,min = 0,4⋅ bw⋅ d⋅ fctd

VRd,ct,min = 0,4⋅459⋅195⋅13,33=47,7

fctd = fctk (fctm) / γc = 2,2 / 1,5 = 1,47

VRd,ct,min = 0,4⋅459⋅195⋅1,47 = 52628 = 52,63

VSd = 26,7 < VRd,ct,min = 52,63

VRd,ct = 52,63

, .

. . a = 400 , . :

g = t⋅ b⋅ ρ⋅ γf ⋅ k = 0,12⋅1,49⋅25⋅1,35⋅1,4 = 8,45 /

k = 1,4

5-

M = g⋅ a2 / 2 = 8,45⋅0,42 / 2 = 0,68 kH⋅

.

∅4 S500 200 .

:

Ast = 8⋅12,6 = 100,8 2

Ast = Mst / 0,9⋅ fyd ⋅ d = 0,68⋅106 / 0,9⋅410⋅195 = 9,45 2

fyd = 417 - S500

Ast = 9,45 2,

Ast = 100,8 2.

.

.

V= ⋅ ⋅ =1490⋅3150⋅0,12=0,56

P = V ⋅ γf ⋅ ρ ⋅ kg = 0,56⋅1,35⋅25⋅1,4 = 26,46 .

kg = 1,4 - .

3 .

:

N = P / 3 = 26,46 / 2⋅0,7 = 18,9 H.

S240

fyd = 218

Ast = N / fyd = 18,9⋅103 / 218 = 86,69 2.

∅12 S240 Ast = 100,13 2.

, .

8 ∅8 S500 (Ast = 402 2). ∅4 S500 200 .

∅4 S500. , . , 2-3 . .

∅4 S500.

∅12 S240 (Ast = 100,13 2).

2.1.

5.

: .
, B x L: 14 32,4
: 4
, : 3
:
, : 7 3,6
:
4
XC1

2.2 1 2

δ = 15 , ρ = 8/³

δ = 1 , ρ = 10 /³

- δ = 30 , ρ = 18 /³

δ = 40, ρ = 2,5 /³

/ δ = 220, ρ = 25 /³

.8.

6. 1 2

/2
  I.  
1 0,015⋅8 0,12
2 0,001⋅10 0,01
3 .- . 0,03⋅18 0,54
4 0,04⋅2,5 0,1
5 0,22⋅25 5,5
  gsk = 6,27
  II.  
6 4
  qsk = 4
  gsk+qsk=10,27

2.3 1 2

δ=30 , ρ=6 /3

-

2 δ=10 , ρ=6 /3

- δ=30 , ρ=18 /3

- δ=150 , ρ=1,25 /3

- 1 δ=5 , ρ=6 /3

/ δ=80 , ρ=25 /3

. 9.

7. 1 2

/2
  I.  
1 0,03⋅6 0,18
2 2 0,01⋅6 0,06
3 .- . 0,03⋅18 0,54
4 - . 0,15⋅1,25 0,188
5 0,005⋅6 0,03
6 / 0,8⋅25 2,0
  gsk, = 2,998
  II.  
1 (. ) 1,2
  qsk, = 1,2
  gsk,+qsk,=4,198

2 . 300 x 300

(4 ).

2.4. 1-

2.4.1.

. 10.

.

A = 7 3,6 = 25,2 2

2.4.2.

- :

Nsd, = gsd, A = gsk, γf A = 2,998 1,35 25,2 = 102 .

- :

Nsd, = gsd, A (n-1)= gsk,e γf A (n-1)= 6,27 1,35 25,2 (4-1) =639,92 .

: n , γf - :

:

A = ((0,565 + 0,520) / 2) 0,22 + ((0,3 + 0,31) / 2) 0,23 = 0,189 2

g.. = A ρ γf = 0,189 25 1,35 = 6,38 .

Nsd, = g.. l n = 6,38 7,0⋅4 = 178,64 .

: n ; l .

- :

Nsd, = bc hc H n ρ γf = 0,4 0,4 3 5 25 1,35 = 64,8 .

-, :

- :

Nsd =∑ Nsd,j + qsd, (n-1) ψ0 A + qsd, ψ0 A = Nsd, + Nsd, + Nsd, + Nsd, + qsk, γf (n-1) ψ0⋅ A+ qsk, γf ⋅ ψ0 ⋅ A= 102+639,92+178,64+64,8+4⋅1,5⋅3⋅0,7⋅25,2+1,2⋅1,5⋅0,7⋅25,2 = = 1334,63 .

- :

Nsd =∑ξ⋅Nsd,j + qsd, ⋅ (n-1) ⋅ A + qsd, ψ0 A =

=0,85⋅ (Nsd, + Nsd, + Nsd, + Nsd, )+ qsk,⋅ γf (n-1)⋅ A+ + qsk, γf ψ0 A=

= 0,85⋅(102+639,92+178,64+64,8)+4⋅1,5 3⋅25,2+1,2⋅1,5 0,7 25,2 =

= 837,556+453,6+31,75=1322,91 .

: ψ0 - ψ0 = 0.7

( . 5.03.01-02).

Nsd =1334,63 .

2.4.3. , .

Nsd,lt=∑Nsd,j = Nsd,+ Nsd,+ Nsd,+ Nsd,=102+639,92+178,64+64,8=

=985,36 .

2.4.4.

, (=) λ= l eff / h ≤ 24, :

Nsd ≤ NRd = φ (α fcd Ac + fyd As,tot);

: φ - , .

As,tot ρ ⋅ Ac :

Nsd ≤ NRd = φ Ac (α fcd + ρ fyd).

, .. φ = 1 1- ρ = 0.02 ÷ 0.03 :

Ac = Nsd / (α fcd + ρ fyd) = 1334,63 10 / (1,0 10,67 +0,02 435) = 689,02 2.

, bc × hc = 40×40 . :

Ac = 40×40 = 1600 2.

2.4.5.

1 h=0,4 , :

1 = ft + h = 3,0 + 0,4 = 3,4 .

.11.

2.4.6.

:

lcol / 600 = (cl h / 2) / 600 = (3550 450 / 2) / 600 = 5,54

ea = hc / 30 = 400 / 30 = 13,33

20

0 = =20 .

l0 = β ⋅ lw = 1,0⋅3,55 = 3,55 .

: β - , ; ; lw - . lw .

:

leff = l0 ⋅ √ = 3,55 √1,67 = 4,72 ;

= 1+ 0,5 NSd,lt / NSd φ(∞, t0) = 1+0,5⋅(985,36/1334,63)⋅2,0 = 1,74;

φ(∞, t0) - , 2,0.

:

λi = leff / h = 4720 / 400 = 11,8.

, .

3. 7. , λi = 11,8 e0 / h = 20 / 400 = 0,05: φ = 0,861.

β = 1,0

.12.

16/20

fck = 16 = 16 /2, γc =1,5, fcd = fck / γc = 16 / 1,5= 10,67

S500: fd = 435 = 435 /2

:

AS,tot = NSd / φ fyd α fcd Ac / fyd = 1334630/0,861⋅4351,0 10,67 400 400/435= -361,17 2.

4∅16 S500 c AS,tot=804 2.

:

ρ= AS,tot / b h = 804 / 400 400 = 0,5 %

ρmin = 0,15% < ρ = 0,5 % < ρmax = 5%

2.4.7.

NRd = φ (α fcd Ac + fyd As,tot) = 0,861 (1,0 10,67⋅400⋅400+435⋅804) =

= 1771,03 .

Nsd =1334,63 < NRd = 1771,03 .

, .

2.4.8. :

bw = 0.25⋅∅ = 0.25 16= 4 5 .

bw = 5 S500.

fyd ≥ 435 (S500)

S = 15 ⋅ ∅ ≤ 400 , S = 15 16 = 135 400 .

S = 200 , 50 .

2.4.8.

.13.

- :

q = (gsd, + qsd,) l =(gsk, γf + qsk, γf) l = (6,27⋅1,35+4⋅1,5) ⋅3,6 = 52,1 .

- :

q = A ⋅ ρ ⋅ γf = 0,189⋅25⋅1,35 = 6,38 .

:

q= q + q = 52,1⋅6,38 = 58,48

.14.

:

leff, = l 2 bc / 2 2 20 2 (lc - 20) / 2 =

= 70002⋅400/22⋅202⋅(150-20)/2=6430 = 6,43

Vsd, = q⋅ leff, / 2 = 58,48⋅6,43 /2 = 188

:

lsup = l 20 = 150 20 = 130 .

Vsd, :

a = lc lsup / 2 = 150 - 130 / 2 = 85 .

MSd, 25%.

, :

Msd, = 1,25 ⋅ Vsd, ⋅ a = 1,25 188000 85 = 19976402,5 ⋅.

= 30 .

d =150 − 30 =120 ;

Ast = Msd / fyd ⋅ (d - )= 19976402,5 /435 (120-30) =510,25 2

2 ∅20 S500 As1 =628 2.

3.1.

. 16/20 S500.

8.

: .
: 400 x 400
: , e=0,55
: -0,150
- : γ = 19 /3
: Nsd =1334,63

3.2.

3.2.1. :

D1 =1100+450=1550 = 1,55 .

:

. 15.

. 1,0 .

D2 =150+1000+100=1250 < 1550 .

, D2 =1250 .

D = D1 =1550 .

3.2.2.

.

Nsd =1334,63

:

Nsd,n = Nsd / γf = 1334,63 /1,35 = 988,6

: γf = 1,35 - .

:

- R0 = 300 ;

- Cn = 15 ;

- = 26;

- 16/20 :

fcd = fck / γc = 16 / 1,5= 10,67 ;

- 20/25 :

fctd = fctm / γc = 1,9 / 1,5= 1,27 ;

- S500 fyd = 435 .

:

A = Nsd,n / (R0 - γc ⋅ D) = 988,6 / (300 19⋅1,55) = 3,65 2

:

b = √A = √3,65 = 1,91 .

.

D < 2.

R = R0 ⋅ [ 1 k1⋅(b b0)/b0 ] ⋅ (D + d0 ) / 2 ⋅ d0

: b0 = 1 ; d0 = 2 ; k1 , , - k1 = 0,05.

k1 = 0,05 - .

R = 300⋅[10,05⋅(1,911)/1]⋅(1,55+2)/2⋅2= 278,36 .

:

A = Nsd,n / (R0 - γc ⋅ D) = 988,6 / (278,3619⋅1,55) = 3,97 2

:

b = √A = √3,97 = 1,99 .

: b = 2,4 ( 0,3 ).

:

= Nsd,n / A + γc ⋅ D = 988,6 / 2,4⋅2,4+19⋅1,55 = 201,08 .

:

R = γc1 γc2 / k [ Mγ kz b γII + Mq D γII + Mc Cn ];

:

γc1 = 1,0;

γc2 = 1,0;

Mγ = 0,84;

Mq = 4,37;

Mc = 6,90;

k - , : k = 1, (φ ) , k = 1.1, ; k = 1,1;

kz = 1 b < 10 ;

γII = γII = 18 /3 .

R = 1,0 1,0 / 1,1 [0,84⋅1⋅2,4⋅18+4,37⋅1,55⋅18+6,9⋅15] = 237,9>201,8

, II .

3.2.3.

:

= Nsd / A = 1334,63 / 2,4⋅2,4= 231,7 .

.

:

d0,min = - (hc + bc / 4) + 0,5⋅ √(Nsd / α ⋅ fctd + ) = - (0,4+0,4 / 4) +

+ 0,5⋅ √(1334,63 / 1,0⋅1,27⋅103 + 231,7) = 271

c = a + 0.5⋅∅, : a = 45 ( ).

= 50 - .

:

Hf1 = d0,min + c = 271+50 = 321 .

:

Hf2 = lbd + 400 = 870+400 = 1270 .

:

lbd = ∅⋅ fyd / 4 ⋅ fbd = 16⋅435/4⋅2,3 =870 .

∅ = 16 ;

fbd = 2,0 16/20;

:

Hf = max(Hf1, Hf2) = 1000 . Hf = 1050 150 .

:

d = H − c = 1050−50 =1000 .

: h1 = 300 .

d1 = h1 − c = 300−50 = 250 .

.

.16.

:

h2 = Hf − h2 = 1050−300 = 750 .

hcf = 1,5 ⋅ hc + 50 = 1,5 400+ 50 = 650 , hcf = 650 . h2 = 750 > hcf = 650 , bc = 0,75 h2 = 0,75 650 = 487,5 > bc = 225 .

, .

. . bc+75=225+75=300 < h2=750

Z.

Z = b − hc − 2 75 − 2 bc − 2 bc / 2=2400−400−275−2225−2250 / 2 = = 450 .

:

d1, = ⋅ Z / α ⋅ fctd = 231,7⋅0,45/1,0⋅1,27⋅103 = 82 .;

d1 = 250 .

3.2.4.

, , , , .

:

MI-I = 0,125 ⋅ ⋅ (b - hc)2 ⋅ b = 0,125⋅231,7 (2,4-0,4)2 2,4 = 278,04 2

MII-II = 0,125 ⋅ ⋅ (b - b1)2 ⋅ b = 0,125⋅231,7 (2,4-1)2⋅2,4 = 136,24 2

b1 = 225⋅2+75⋅2+400 = 1000

:

As1 = MI-I / 0,9⋅ d ⋅ α ⋅ fyd = 278,04⋅106 / 0,9⋅850⋅1,0⋅430 = 710,19 2;

As2 = MII-II / 0,9⋅ d1 ⋅ α ⋅ fyd = 136,24⋅106 / 0,9⋅250⋅1,0⋅435 = 1392 2;

:

As2 = 1392 2;

S = 200 .

:

n = b / S +1 = 2400 / 200 + 1 = 13 . 13 .

:

As2 / 10 = 1392 / 13 = 107,1 2.

∅12 S500, Ast = 1131 2.

.

3.2.5.

, .

1 :

V = 2,4⋅2,4⋅ ((0,3+0,2)/2)+0,9⋅0,9⋅0,75-((0,5+0,55)/2)2⋅0,65 = 1,689 3

k = 1,4:

P = V ⋅ γ ⋅ γf ⋅ k = 1,689⋅25000⋅1,35⋅1,4 = 79805,25 .

, :

N = 79805,25 / 2 = 39902,63 .

S240, fyd = 218 .

As1 = N / fyd = 39902,63 / 218 = 183,04 2.

1∅16 S240 As1 = 201,1 2.

()

9.

. - -, .
  3.020 -4   1,52  
         
31 3.021 ∅6 S240 L=870 8 0,19  
  3.030 -2   1,79  
         
32 3.031 ∅14 S240 L=1480 1 1,79  

1. 5.03.0102. . .: , 2002 . 274.

2. : 2.01.07-85..:1987.36c.

3. .., .. :

. .: , 1991.767.

4. . // . .. .. . , , 2003. 380.

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: 2016-04-03; !; : 9435 |

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==> ...

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