Phonographic analysis
The text is divided into paragraphs.
In the text we may come across cases of alliteration sound [l] (Little Miss little official dwelling-house, little windows likelittle doors); [d] is also being repeated (on double duty); [s] (sixpence,seventy-four similar superfluities)
There are cases of assonance sound [i] (the visit to his sister, with its little windows like); sound [ʌ:] (unseen and unsuspected)
Hyphen ['haɪf(ə)n] () is used to join two words together (pepper-and-salt, ninepence-halfpenny, seventy-four)
Dash () is used to connect two parts of the sentence. (Putting this and that together - combining under the head "this," present appearances and the intimacy with Charley Hexam, and ranging under the head "that" - the visit to his sister,)
There are words which are in inverted commas, their aim are to attrect readers attention ("this," "that")
Question marks are used at the and of interrogative sentences (Were copies to be written? Was Geography in question?)
Apostroph e is used to show possessive case (Bradley's direction,)
Commas are used to show a slow pause in a sentence
The phonetic segmentation of the text is realised through onomatopoeia - i ndirect onomatopoeia (boil)
Semantic analysis
With the help of simile, the writer describes the people and places in an effective way (little windows like the eyes in needles, little doors like the covers of school-books)
The number of epithet s used in the story make it more fresh, unexpected and original.(quiet affections, unresponsive Bradley, primitive and homely stock of love, fabulous extent, downcast and reserved face, triumphantly flying..)
Metapho r makes the description more original and intense (would boil unharmed,)
Personificatio n helps to visualise the description (Loveis a vigilant watchman 1 )
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines normally contradicting terms (in the hot springs of Iceland,)
Phraseological units would float majestically down ,
Set phrase - ( kept him on double duty , ahead of- , turning his eyes in Bradley's direction , utting this and that together, at the bottom of it )
Syntactic analysis
To impart a certain rhythmical regularity to the prosodic system of the text anaphora is used (It was not that she was - it was simply that she loved1 )
The expressiveness of speech is enhanced by the he writers using of rhetoric question (Were copies to be written?... Was Geography in question?). The rhetoric questions aim at catching the attention of the readers. It is emotionally coloured, is distinct from an ordinary question which is asked to draw forth some information, the rhetoric question does not require any answer; it serves the purpose of calling the readers (or hearers) attention to a particular point in the discourse, writing, speech, etc.
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Polysyndeton is the use of several conjunctions in close succession. It serves as a means of distinguishing each part by isolating them from each other and at the same time connecting them into one sense unit. (fourscore and four neckties at two and ninepence-halfpenny, fifteen and sixpence, eighteen shillings; and many similar superfluities.)
percellation the division into parcels () (wardrobe of fabulous extent; fourscore and four neckties.. eighteen shillings; and many similar superfluities);
tautology is an unnecessary or unessential repetition of meaning, using different and dissimilar words that effectively say the same thing twice (Little Miss little doors little windows her little official )
Detachment ( ) parts of the sentence are such parts which are less closely, less intimately connected with the rest of the sentence. They have a certain independence which finds expression in the intonation and, in writing, in punctuation. ( Love, though said to be afflicted with blindness, is a vigilant watchman, )
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a verb or adjective does duty with two or sometimes more than two nouns and to only one of which it is strictly applicable. Zeugma usually, produces a satiric or humorous effect. (fourscore and four neckties at two and ninepence-halfpenny, two gross of silver watches at four pounds fifteen and sixpence, seventy-four black at eighteen shillings; and many similar superfluities.)
Possessive case - under Miss Peecher's tuition (), in Bradley's direction,
An abbreviation - In capital B's and H's
Text 3. THE FORSYTE SAGA by J. Galsworthy
Never had there been so full an assembly,
GRAPHICAL LEVEL
Graphons: What are you givin? Nicolas is givin
I dunno what to make of im.
an alf -tame leopard
MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL
Repetitions: head to head, shoulder to shoulder
Singularity/ plurality: appearences,
an air
Enumeration: sleek, well-brushed, prosperous-looking,
was of medium height and strong build with a pale, brown face, a dust coloured moustache,very prominent cheekbones,and hollow cheeks.
Definiteness/indefiniteness: an air
Empathic construction: How impossible and wrong would it have been for any family? with the regard for appearences which should ever characterize the great upper-middle class to feel otherwise than uneasy!
LEXICOLOGICAL LEVEL
Foreign words: an assembly,differences, residence, moustache, prominent, beautiful, figure, sensuous, perfume.
Archaism: coachmen
Exotism: leopard
Phraseological units and set word combinations: head to head and shoulder to shoulder, run upon, every now and then, fending off
SEMASIOLOGICAL LEVEL
Hyperbole: all hair and spirit
Meiosis: a little bit of a thing
Metaphors: He had an air, very singular-looking man, crown of his head, her crown of red-gold hair, (eyes) were fastened on it
Epithets: a rumpled appearance, singular-looking man, cherry-coloured eyes, red-gold hair, a shadowy smile, grave charming face, the very air, dark eyes, lips sensuous and sweet, passive goddess.
Metonymies: gloved in Franch grey, eyes of all men were fastened on it
Synecdoche: appearences
Periphrases: The author of the uneasiness, the dashing Buccaneer!
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Similes: Like cattlethey stood, as prices are arrived at on the Stock Exchange, like forehead seen in the lion-house at the Zoo.
Antithesis: pale brown face, grave charming face
SYNTACTICAL LEVEL
Ellipsis: Looks as if he might make a bolt of it/, Looks to me for all the world
Asyndeton: as Mrs. Small afterwards called him, was a medium height and strong build with a pale,brown face, a dust coloured moustache, very prominent cheekbones,and hollow cheeks.
Repetition: by a species of family adjustment arrived at as prices are arrived at on the Stock Exchange, head to head and shoulder to shoulder
Anaphora: Her hands, gloved in French grey, were crossed one over the other, her grave harming face held to one side
Syntactic tautology: they were sensitive lips
Inversion: Never had there been so full an assembly, where dwelt Aunts Ann,Juley, and Hester. would it have been, through them seemed to come warmth and perfume of flower. The engaged couple thus scrutinized were unconscious
Emphatic constructions: How impossible and wrong would it have been for any family
There was warmth,
But it was at her lips
Rhetoric exclamatory sentence: How impossible and wrong would it have been for any family, with the regard for appearences which should ever characterize the great upper-middle class to feel otherwise than uneasy!
Belletristic style, with direct speech, description of people, dialogues.
Narrator third person, omniscient.
John Galsworthy (1867-1933)
He is now far better known for his novels and particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, dealt with class, and in particular upper-middle class lives. Although sympathetic to his characters he highlights their insular, snobbish and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era; challenging in his works some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson even though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of Irene.
Bury House, Galsworthy's West Sussex home.
His work is often less convincing when it deals with the changing face of wider British society and how it affects people of the lower social classes. Through his writings he campaigned for a variety of causes including prison reform, women's rights, animal welfare and the opposition of censorship. During World War I he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly after being passed over for military service. He was elected as the first president of the International PEN literary club in 1921, was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929after earlier turning down a knighthoodand was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. He was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony, and died six weeks later.
Assembly
Spite ,
Peril
Ultimately ,
Sleek ,
Prosperous ,
Adjustment ,
Bolt
Dashing
Bumps
Coachman
alf-tame
Idle ,
Swayed .
Scrutinize ,
Part 2. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
is a poem. It is written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Summary. The sun rises and sets in the fog. The south wind continues, but there is no flying bird. The other sailors are angry at the Mariner for killing the bird that caused the wind. The fog disappears, and the sailors change their minds and decide the bird brought the fog, not the wind. They are happy with the Mariner now. The breeze leads the ship into a calm ocean, and the ship stops. The sun makes them hot and thirsty. They are out of water. The ocean is undrinkable and seems to be filled with dirty beasts. The Mariner talks about death fires at night. The water turns different colors. Some of the crew dreams a spirit follows them from the icy area. To brand the Ancient Mariner for his crime and place the guilt on him and him alone, the sailors hung the Albatross's dead carcass around his neck.
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The time is the late Middle Ages. Coleridge introduces the idea of responsibility in this part. Theme - man should respect all of Gods creation, of which the albatross is a part. In doing so, he respects the Creator Himself.
In the text we deal with the first person point of view the narrator participates in the action of the story.
Phonetic level.
Onomatopoeia: indirect onomatopoeia Yea, Ah!
Structure, Rhyme, and Meter: the poetry consists of fourteen stanzas. Most of the stanzas in the poem have four lines; several have six lines (2 and 3). In the four-line stanzas, the second and fourth lines usually rhyme (he-sea, follow-hollo, free-sea, be-sea, noon-Moon, motion-ocean, shrink-drink, night-white, so-snow, root-soot, young-hung). In the six-line stanzas, the third line usually rhymes with the final line (woe-blow, uprist-mist). The meter alternates between iambic tetrameter (with four feet per line) and iambic trimeter (with three feet per line).
.......1...............2..............3...........4
"The SUN | now ROSE | up ON | the RIGHT:
......1...........2..............3
Out OF | the SEA | came HE,
......1............2.............3............4
Still HID | in MIST, | and ON | the LEFT
.........1...............2...........3
Went DOWN | in TO | the SEA.
Graphons: interior graphons workem, a-day.
Lexicologic level.
Poetic words:
archaic words woe, twas (It was)
Semasiological level.
Personification / Metaphor The Sun came up upon the right:
Out of the sea came he,
And he shone bright, and on the left
Went down into the sea.
Sun referred to as "he": personification.
Epithets Good south wind, sweet bird, hellish thing, the glorious Sun, fair breeze, white foam, silent sea, hot and copper sky, bloody Sun, painted ship, painted ocean, slimy things, slimy sea.
Simile Nor dim nor red, like Gods own head.
The glorious Sun uprist.
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
The water, like a witchs oils,
Burnt green, and blue and white.
Synonyms Mist fog
Paradox and Irony Water, water, every where,............................
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink....................................
It is ironic and paradoxical that water is everywhere but none of it can be drunk.
Alliteration the furrow free;
water, water, where;
breeze blew, foam flew.
Antithesis And the good south wind still blew behind
But no sweet bird did follow.
Syntactical level.
Repetition about, about
Anaphora That made the breeze to blow
That brought the fog and mist
Water, water, every where
Simple contact repetition Day after day, day after day
Framing repetition Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down
5 Cat in the rain by E. Hemingway (part 1)
³ There were only two Americans
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short stories collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; with a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works published after his death.
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"Indian Camp" (1926)
The Sun Also Rises (1927)
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1935)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
The Old Man and the Sea (1951)
True at First Light (1999)
Summary of the novel
The short story "Cat in the Rain" was written by Ernest Hemingway in the 1920´s. It is about an American couple that spends their holidays in an Italian hotel. It is a rainy day and the American woman sees a cat in the rain, which she wants to protect from the raindrops. When she goes out of the hotel, which is kept by an old Italian who really seems to do everything to please that woman, and wants to get the cat, it is gone. After returning to the hotel room, she starts a conversation with her husband George, who is reading all the time, telling him how much she wants to have a cat and other things, for instance her own silver to eat with. Her husband seems to be annoyed by that and not interested at all. At the end of the story there is a knock on the door and the maid stands there holding a cat for the American woman in her hands.. The sentence that she wants it to be spring again stands for her huge wish for a new spring in her relationship. It is not important if it is the same cat she saw on the street or not, the only thing that matters is that she finally gets something to take responsibility for and that symbolizes the first step in the direction of a grown-up life.
There are several themes: loneliness, isolation, infertility, longing to be something/someone else, wishing
Prose, the belletristic style with direct speech, 3rd person omniscient narrator. The text of the story is not homogeneous: it is interrupted with the elements of description and the characters dialogues.
1. Phonetical level:
Alliteration h otel-keeper h ad sent h er, bru tt o tempo. effect: within three sentences he gives an exhaustive picture of one of the melancholic rainy evenings when time goes by so slowly.
Assonance the umbr e lla ov e r h e r.
Alliteration and Assonance- g et w et.
Microsegmentation segmentation of the text into small paragraphs, which may consist of only one sentence.
2. Lexical level: - phrasal verbs: come up, break again, looking out, dripped on, stood up, looked up, went back, sat down.
- Foreign words: umbrella (Italian), office (French), square (French).
- Barbarisms: Si, si Signora, brutto tempo; padrone (, ).
- Fixed phrases: up the stairs, resting his eyes from reading (to rest smns eyes to stop using eyes because they are feeling tired); facing the sea.
- Colloquial ws: Im, Ill, Dont.
- Exotisms: palm ()
- Term: easal (i:zl) .
3. Semasiological level:
- Epithets: gravel path ( ), momentary feeling, poor kitty, deadly serious.
- Metaphor: Something felt very small & tight inside the girl;
- Antithesis: very small & at the same time really important.
- Hyperbole: supreme importance.
4. Syntactical level:
- Ellipsis: Wonder where it went to? (omitting I);
- Repetition: Poor kitty (2)
- Anaphore: She liked (5); I wanted (2); She (3).
- Framing: in a long line in the rain(2); I wanted it so mach(2).
- Anadiplosis: their room(2).
The author resorts to parallel constructions consisting of short simple sentences to create a downcast atmosphere of dull, monotonous evening and at the same time presentiment and alarming anticipation of something that is likely to happen in the nearest time.
6 Cat in the rain by E. Hemingway (part 2)
³ They went back along the gravel path
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short stories collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; with a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works published after his death.
"Indian Camp" (1926)
The Sun Also Rises (1927)
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1935)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
The Old Man and the Sea (1951)
True at First Light (1999)
Summary of the novel
The short story "Cat in the Rain" was written by Ernest Hemingway in the 1920´s. It is about an American couple that spends their holidays in an Italian hotel. It is a rainy day and the American woman sees a cat in the rain, which she wants to protect from the raindrops. When she goes out of the hotel, which is kept by an old Italian who really seems to do everything to please that woman, and wants to get the cat, it is gone. After returning to the hotel room, she starts a conversation with her husband George, who is reading all the time, telling him how much she wants to have a cat and other things, for instance her own silver to eat with. Her husband seems to be annoyed by that and not interested at all. At the end of the story there is a knock on the door and the maid stands there holding a cat for the American woman in her hands. The sentence that she wants it to be spring again stands for her huge wish for a new spring in her relationship. It is not important if it is the same cat she saw on the street or not, the only thing that matters is that she finally gets something to take responsibility for and that symbolizes the first step in the direction of a grown-up life.
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There are several themes: loneliness, isolation, infertility, longing to be something/someone else, wishing.
Prose, the belletristic style with direct speech, 3rd person omniscient narrator. The text of the story is not homogeneous: it is interrupted with the elements of description and the characters dialogues.
Phonetical level: indirect onomatopoeia - to purr (if a cat purrs it makes a soft low sound in its throat to show that its pleased.)
Alliteration h er h and & h er neck; s in c e sh e s tarted to s peak; w onder w here it w ent to
Assonance st i ll ra i n i ng i n the palm tr ee s
Microsegmentation segmentation of the text into small paragraphs, which may consist of only one sentence.
Lexical level: - phrasal verbs: go (went) back, go (went) on, putting (the book) down, sit down, go (went) over, grow out, look up, lay (laid) down, look out, pull back ( ), shut up.
- Foreign words: umbrella (Italian), office (French), mirror (French), square (French), tortoise-shell cat (a cat that has yellow, brown, and black marks on its fur ).
- Barbarisms: padrone (, ), avahti.
- Fixed phrases: at the same time, up the stairs, it will (would) be a good idea, resting his eyes from reading (to rest smns eyes to stop using eyes because they are feeling tired)
- Colloquial ws: You look pretty darn nice. Yeah? (slang, . ? ?)
- Exotisms: palm ()
Semasiological level:
- Epithets: gravel path ( ), momentary feeling, poor kitty, long hair
- Metaphor: Something felt very small & tight inside the girl; She studied her profile (to watch & examine smth carefully); His wife looked out of the window where the light had come on in the square.
- Antithesis: very small & at the same time really important,
- Hyperbole: supreme importance
- Simile: clipped close, like a boys; I get so tired of looking like a boy
- Metonymy (periphrasis): my own silver (. , , )
Syntactical level:
- Ellipsis: Wonder where it went to? (omitting I); first one side & then another; clipped close, like a boys.
- Repetition: I wanted it so much , she said. I dont know why I wanted it so much. I get so tired of it, she said. I get so tired of looking like a boy. The author underlines the idea of dissatisfaction using repetition. In importunate repetition of the construction "I want" the reader can see the girl's emotional state
- Emphatic construction: I want to pull my hair back tight & smooth & make a big knot () at the back that I can feel, she said.
- Anaphore: And I want to eat at a table. And I want it to be spring.;
I want a cat, she said. I want a cat. I want a cat now.
- Inversion: In the doorway stood the maid.
The author resorts to parallel constructions consisting of short simple sentences to create a downcast atmosphere of dull, monotonous evening and at the same time presentiment and alarming anticipation of something that is likely to happen in the nearest time.
Text 7 A YOUNG WIFE (D.H.Lawrence) The pain of loving you
This poem is writing byDavid Herbert Richards Lawrence. He was an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. Lawrence is now valued by many as significant representative of modernism in English literature.
The main theme of the poem is to express emotions and feelings of the lyric hero incarnated in nature.
Sentral idea of the poem represented in the sentence: The pain of loving you Is almost more than I can bear, which repeat twice.
We have 1st person narrator in the poem.
Phonetic level:
The model of sound flow organization is Versification
Full rhyme (sun - shun) and incomplete (tree - see); according to the way the rhymes are arranged we have cross rhyme
The poetry is written in iambic trimester
There are microsygmentation and macrosygmentation
Morphological level:
Oxymoron (The shadows that live in the sun)
Lexicological level:
Colloquial word (Hark)
Semasiological level:
Personification (Glad tree; the faint fine seethe in the air; the wind flower shakes it`s bell)
Metaphor (the darkness starts up where you stand; the night comes through your eyes; night lies: lie split round the cup)
Simile (like the seething sound in the shell)
Antitesis (but I can`t lift up)
Syntactical:
Elipses (a night lies looking up)
Froming repetition (first and last)
There are also exclamatory () sentences
faint [feint] ;
seethe [si:z] ;
skylark [skaila:k] ;
twinkle [twinkl] , .
8 The heart of darkness
by Joseph Conrad
Prose; the belletristic style; subjective description (landscape, at the beginning," and portrait in the end); omniscient point of view; dramatic effect; exposition of novel.
Phonetic level:
Alliteration - holding our hearts, serenity of still, suddenly, stricken
Assonance - of that gl oo m br oo ding o ver, utt e rmost e nds of th e e arth (movement)
Lexical level: phrasal verbs - rested on, brought out, sat down, came over
Fixed phrases - at last, by the touch
Technical terms - pilot, aft, mizzenmast
Literary - brooding, exquisite, pacifically, diaphanous Informal - yarns
Compound words - sea-reach, cross-legged
Semasiological level:
Epithets - sunken cheeks, yellow complexion, imperceptible fall, august light
Hyperbole - gigantic tale, interminable waterway
Simile - the very mist on the Essex marsh was like a gauzy and radiant fabric, whose names are like jewels flashing
Metaphor - The day was ending in a serenity of still and exquisite brilliance, to evoke the great spirit of the past, It (sea) had known and served all the men
Synonyms - look, stare; shore, bank
Syntactic level: very long and complicated sentences, they are compounds and complex connected with help of conjunctions (and, that) or without them.
Extended repetition - It had known and served all the men of whom the nation is proud, from Sifc Francis Drake to Sir John Franklin, knights all, titled and untitled - the great knights-errant of the sea, And at last, in its curved and imperceptible fall, the sun sank low, and from glowing white changed to a dull red without rays and without heat.
Conclusion.
Author use all this stylistic devices to make a complete description of came events (river in the evening), people and their behavior. He use many adjectives to show gloom and serenity it makes dull atmosphere in text. Also he use complicated language that makes text difficult to understand, but add a lot of associations and provide a deep philosophical context. This a typical example of modern prose, written at the beginning of 20 century.
