1
: . 801
..
:
..
2003
:
TCP/IP IP. IP, 32- (IP-).
32- IP- . . , , - .
, IP- , IP- , .
n 2n , m 2m .
- IP-. , IP- ( 8- 32- ), . , , 32- 10000000 10000000 11111111 00000000 128.128.255.0 ( B).
: . : , 32- .
32- , . .
IP DNS (Domain Name System). , .
DNS , , ( ) . , , . Internet , .
tracert.exe, ping.exe
ping . - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ). ICMP IP ( ICMP () IP). , .
|
|
ping:
ping [-n ][-w ][-t] IP-address DNS-
n ; w ( 1000).
tracert . . , TTL 1. , , TTL , 0, ICMP TTL. ICMP IP, tracert IP- . TTL .., .
tracert:
tracert [-h ] [-w ] [-d] IP-address DNS-
h TTL ( 30). d dns- IP- .