1. ...................................................................................................4
. Ͳ ҪIJҲ.............9
1.1. 2. .............................9
1.2. 3. ...............15
1.3. 4. ..............................................20
2.
-Ҫ "..........................................................28
2.1. 5. `............28
2.2. 6. Գ ................39
2.3. 7. ................................45
3. ,
ֲ ˲ʲ.................................56
3.1. 8. .......................................................56
3.2. 9. ..............................65
3.3. 10. - ..................................73
3.4. 11. ...............................................84
3.5. 12.
..................................................................................96
4. ҪIJҲ
ֲ.......................................................................103
4.1. 13. ......................103
4.2. 14.
- ....................................................................................110
5. Ͳֲ ˲
ҪIJҲ........................................................................................117
5.1. 15. ................117
5.2. 16.
........................................................120
5.3. 17. ........125
5.4. 18. ......................127
˲...................................................................................131
1.
.
.
̳ " .
. , .
|
|
' . , , , , , , , .
, , 䳿 . ³, , , , , .
, ', , : , , , - , . ֳ ' , , , .
. , , .
, , , , . 쳿 , , , , 쳺. 80 . , ó (460-370 . ..), , (384-322 . ..), .
, , . - . , ' . (1494-1555 .) 1545 . . ³ ³ (1493-1544 .), , ' , : . . , .
.. (1711-1764.). 1763 . 㳿 , 㳺 , , , , , .
1847 . ..ͳ , , .
ղ- . ' . ³ , ' . .. (1845-1913.), ' , . (1874-1960.), .
|
|
. , .. 1915., .
, , , , , 1809. : , , , . XX. , .
XX . , - , . , , , , , . ' , .
, . , . 쳿 .. (1863-1945 .).
, , . - 0,25% , - , , , . , . ³ , , , , . , , .
, - , . , , . - , , , , , 1968 . , , . , , , , , .
|
|
38- 1983 . ̳ , . 1987. . ' , - , , , , - .
1992 . г-- , . XXI , .