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| dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt
| MSDOS UNIX ( )
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| unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt
| UNIX MSDOS ( )
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| recode..HTML < page.txt > page.html
| page.txt html- page.html
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| recode -l | more
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| badblocks -v /dev/hda1
| hda1 bad-
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| fsck /dev/hda1
| / linux- hda1
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| fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1
| / ext2 hda1
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| e2fsck /dev/hda1
| |
| e2fsck -j /dev/hda1
| / ext3 hda1 ,
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| fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1
| / ext3 hda1
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| fsck.vfat /dev/hda1
| / fat hda1
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| fsck.msdos /dev/hda1
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| dosfsck /dev/hda1
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| mkfs /dev/hda1
| linux- hda1
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| mke2fs /dev/hda1
| ext2 hda1
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| mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
| ext3 hda1
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| mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1
| FAT32 hda1
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| fdformat -n /dev/fd0
| -
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| mkswap /dev/hda3
| swap- hda3
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Swap-
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| mkswap /dev/hda3
| swap- hda3
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| swapon /dev/hda3
| swap-, hda3
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| swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3
| swap-, hda2 hdb3
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(backup)
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| dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
| /home /tmp/home0.bak
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| dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
| /home /tmp/home0.bak
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| restore -if /tmp/home0.bak
| /tmp/home0.bak
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| rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp
| /tmp /home
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| rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp
| SSH-
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| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local
| ssh-
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| rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public
| ssh-
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| dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'
| "" ssh-
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| tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user
| '/home/user' backup.tar
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| (cd /tmp/local/ && tar c.) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'
| /tmp/local ssh- /home/share/
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| (tar c /home) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'
| /home ssh- /home/backup-home
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| tar cf -. | (cd /tmp/backup; tar xf -)
|
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| find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents
| /home/user1 , '.txt',
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| find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv--files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2
| /var/log , '.log', bzip-
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| dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
| MBR (Master Boot Record) /dev/hda -
|
| dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1
| MBR - /dev/hda
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CD DVD ROM
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| eject
| CD DVD
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| cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force
| RW
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| mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso
| ISO-
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| mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz
| ISO-
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| mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o./cd.iso data_cd
| iso
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| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso
| ISO-
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| gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -
| ISO-
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| mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso
| ISO-
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| cd-paranoia -B
| WAV- (rip)
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| cd-paranoia -- "-3"
| 3 WAV- (rip)
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| cdrecord --scanbus
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|
(LAN WiFi)
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| ifconfig eth0
| eth0
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| ifup eth0
| () eth0
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| ifdown eth0
| () eth0
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| ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
| eth0 ip-
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| ifconfig eth0 promisc
| eth0 promiscuous- "" (sniffing)
|
| ifconfig eth0 -promisc
| promiscuous- eth0
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| dhclient eth0
| eth0 dhcp-.
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| route -n
|
|
| netstat -rn
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| route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway
| ip- (default gateway)
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| route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1
| 192.168.0.0/16 ip- 192.168.1.1
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| route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway
| ip- (default gateway)
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| echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
| (forwarding)
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| hostname
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| host www.yandex.ru
| www.yandex.ru ip-
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| host 93.158.134.3
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| ip link show
|
|
| mii-tool eth0
| eth0
|
| ethtool eth0
| eth0 ,
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| netstat -tupn
| TCP UDP ip- PID' ,
|
| netstat -tupln
| TCP UDP ip- PID' ,
|
| tcpdump tcp port 80
| TCP- 80 ( - HTTP)
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| iwlist scan
| ,
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| iwconfig eth1
| eth1
|
Microsoft Windows networks(SAMBA)
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| nbtscan ip_addr
| netbios- nbtscan -, , . nmblookup samba.
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| nmblookup -A ip_addr
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| smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname
| , windows-
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| smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share
| wget windows- smb-
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| mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass//winclient/share /mnt/share
| smb-, windows-,
|
IPTABLES (firewall)
|
|
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| iptables -t filter -nL
|
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| iptables -nL
|
| iptables -t nat -L
| NAT-
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| iptables -t filter -F
| filter-
|
| iptables -F
|
| iptables -t nat -F
| NAT-
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| iptables -t filter -X
| filter-
|
| iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT
| telnet'
|
| iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP
| HTTP-
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| iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT
| "" (forward) POP3-
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| iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT"
| , INPUT, "DROP INPUT"
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| iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
| NAT (Network Address Translate) eth0. ip-.
|
| iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22
| , ,
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|
|
| top
| , ( )
|
| ps -eafw
| , ()
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| ps -e -o pid,args--forest
| PID'
|
| pstree
|
|
| kill -9 98989
| "" PID 98989 " " ( )
|
| kill -KILL 98989
|
| kill -TERM 98989
| PID 98989
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| kill -1 98989
| PID 98989
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| kill -HUP 98989
|
| lsof -p 98989
| , PID 98989
|
| lsof /home/user1
| /home/user1
|
| strace -c ls > /dev/null
| , ls
|
| strace -f -e open ls > /dev/null
|
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| watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
|
|
| last reboot
|
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| last user1
| user1
|
| lsmod
|
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| free -m
|
|
| smartctl -A /dev/hda
| /dev/hda SMART
|
| smartctl -i /dev/hda
| SMART /dev/hda
|
| tail /var/log/dmesg
|
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| tail /var/log/messages
|
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|
|
|
| apropos keyword
| , . , ,
|
| man ping
| , , - ping
|
| whatis keyword
|
|
| mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r`
| -
|
| gpg -c file1
| file1 GNU Privacy Guard
|
| gpg file1.gpg
| file1 GNU Privacy Guard
|
| wget -r www.example.com
| www.example.com
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| wget -c www.example.com/file.iso
| www.example.com/file.iso
|
| echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso'| at 09:00
|
|
| ldd /usr/bin/ssh
| , ssh
|
| alias h='history | grep $1'
| "h" "history"
|
