- closed energy cycles
- radioactive-energy-release
- conservation of energy
- natural precursor
- natural radioactivity
- threshold gamma-ray energy
- excess mass
- mass spectroscopy
Translate the sentences below. Mind the functions of the Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions.
1. To anticipate is to look forward, to see what must be done and to do it in advance.
2. To allow for all possible types of interactions and reflections, however, would be a formidable task in this event.
3. To eliminate the inconsistency of measuring the force on a unit area by a unit of length, the air pressure is now measured for meteorological purposes in terms of a unit of 1.000 dynes cm- called a millibar (mb).
4. According to the law of conservation of energy, any energy acquired by an atom is to be eventually given off.
5. Each atom is to be governed by the mean potential due to all the other atoms at rest in their mean positions.
6. Your prime task has been to record the directions to be executed exceedingly accurately.
7. The problem is to confine hot plasma long enough for a fusion reaction to take place.
8. A traditional approach to the problem is to eliminate bulky calculations. It may require a lot of auxiliary operations.
9. An amplifier to boost the signal would be required before the signal is fed to the input.
10. The discovery of uranium fission is one to exert greater influence on the events to come than any other discovery in the past century.
11. There are a number of advantages to be gained from using a liquid as the active medium in a laser rather than a solid or a gas.
12. Apart from this, eigenvalues to be obtained for excited electronic states in most cases agree reasonably with experimental binding energy.
13. These electrons are always freely available to conduction. A partially filled band is created whenever the orbitals that combine to form the band are not fully occupied.
14. In the modern conception, the strong nuclear force binds quarks together to form elementary particles such as protons and neutrons.
15. Unfortunately the period of visibility of a comet is generally too short to allow any extensive measurements.
16. The combination of three quarks is sufficient to account for the hadrons that have been observed or predicted by the rigorous theory.
17. When two identical atoms are brought together closely enough for their orbits to overlap, each energy level is split to create two new levels, below and above the original level.
18. Positrons typically live a few hundred picoseconds, roughly the time it takes for a light to travel one centimeter.
19. For the effect to be readily observable a great deal of energy must be concentrated in a narrow band of wavelengths, the narrower the better.
20. It is possible for excitation to take place in successive steps by the absorption of two or more quanta of energy.
Work in 2 groups. Read the text again and extract the information required for the chosen theme (1-2) and start discussion.
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Energy release in radioactive transitions
- Calculation and measurement of energy
LISTENING
1. You are going to listen to the staff report Uranium Report: Plenty More Where That Came From. Mind the proper names.
IAEA
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA)
2. Listen to the staff report Uranium Report: Plenty More Where That Came From. Note only the essential details of what you hear:
- A report released today
- Growing demand and higher prices
- Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand
- Red Book
- The uranium market
- The demand picture is increasingly complex
- In contrast to some other energy resources
- Since 1965, the IAEA and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA)
3. Listen to the staff report again and complete the gaps in sentences below with the correct word or phrase you hear:
- Amid heightened international interest in nuclear energy, countries are _______________ to a finite resource that helps to make nuclear power possible: uranium.
- and led to larger identified _______________ over the past two years.
- it tracks present ______________ and assesses market dynamics to 2030 and beyond
- Over _______________ was spent globally on exploration in 2006.
- Yet the report notes that new builds along with plant life extensions should increase global installed ______________ in the coming decades, thereby increasing demand for uranium.
- Currently uranium is mined in 20 countries, with Iran being _____________.
- Canada and Australia currently account for _____ of global uranium production, and other top uranium producers are Kazakhstan (_____), Niger (_____), Russian Federation (_____), Namibia (_____), Uzbekistan (_____), and the United States (_____).
- The reports contents are made possible through _______________ obtained by questionnaires sent to relevant IAEA and OECD/NEA member countries, which number 40 in total.
4. Work in pairs or groups. Discuss the topic mentioned in the staff report Uranium Report: Plenty More Where That Came From .
PRESENTATION
Make up a presentation RADIOACTIVITY
(See appendix 4)
SECTION 7
NEUTRON INTERACTIONS
LEAD-IN
