1. What does aeronautical and aerospace engineering deal with? 2. What supplementary information can you add to characterize this field of engineering? 3. Are you fond of chemistry? Have you got this discipline in your time-table? 4. Try to describe chemical field of engineering nowadays. What is the main ecological trouble in its development? 5. What should people do to safe the environment? Is it really possible to stop the catastrophe? 6. Try to prove that civil engineering is the broadcast of the engineering fields. 7. In what way is civil engineering connected with environment protection? 8. What additional information can you give to describe this field of engineering? 9. What subject in the field of electrical and electronics engineering does your speciality deal with? 10. What are the distinctive features1 of this field of engineering? 11. Try to draw a difference between AC and DC motors. 12. What does electronics engineering deal with? 13. What are the modern trends in electronics research? 14. What do you know about control systems? 15. In what spheres are control systems used? 16. Can you characterize digital systems advantages in the sphere of modern technologies application? 17. What are the advantages in this sphere of engineering development? 18. What does the abbreviation VLSI mean? 19. Can you describe current trends in computer engineering? 20. What activities does this branch of engineering include? 21. What special and professional knowledge does a mining engineer have to require? 22. Try to prove that military engineering is an increasingly specialized science. 23. What engineers are called naval architects? 24. What specialized branch of knowledge must the marine engineer take into consideration? 25. What devices and methods do nuclear engineers develop? 26. Do you know what safety engineering deals with? 27. Is the branch of safety engineering connected with other fields of engineering? 28. Prove that the field of sanitary engineering deals with the environment protection. 29. If you are given the right to develop the program of sewage and other wastes recycling what ideas will your project contain?
Task 12. Are the following statements true or false?
1) Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature.
2) Paraprofessionals apply medical skills to biological problems.
3) Military engineering involve such work as providing facilities for living, irrigation and roads building.
4) The National Academy of Engineering was founded in 1959.
5) Civil engineering is connected with the environment protection.
6) Electronic engineering deals with the design of civil facilities and research of soils structure.
Task 13. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words: civil engineering, aeronautics, diverse, circuits, chips, copper cable.
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1) is perhaps the broadest of the engineering fields, for it deals with the creation, improvement, and protection of the communal environment.
2) deals with the whole field of design, manufacture, maintenance, testing, and use of aircraft for both civilian and military purposes.
3) Electrical and electronics engineering is the largest and most field of engineering.
4) Much of the research in electronics is directed toward creating even smaller , faster switching of components, and threedimensional integrated circuits.
5) Digital systems are replacing analog ones at the same time that fiber optics is superseding .
UNIT 2
Automation
Task 1. Read and translate the text.
Automation
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.
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Another development using automation is the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.
Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries. Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.
Vocabulary:
automation
previously
sequence
nonmanufacturing
resemble
efficiency
flyball governor
steam engine
household thermostat
facilitate
punched
dimension ,
