1. ATM (85)
2. ATM (87)
3. ATM(AAL) (87)
4. (FRAMERELAY)(84) - http://www.emanual.ru/download/3615.html http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_Relay
5. (62, 806)
6. : , (702)
7. (296) / 58 - http://www.conlex.kz/sluzhby-kanalnogo-urovnya/
8. (496) - http://sharmanka.net/?p=23
9. (586) - http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP ( TCP-)
10. (659) http://edu.mmcs.rsu.ru/~ulysses/Edu/cnets-05/lab2.html
11. WWW(694)
12. ( HTTP)(735-)
13. HTTP- (735)
14. HTTP- (709) . cookie
15. FTP ()
16. : (674)
17. : (684)
18. (658)
19. DNS()(658)
20. DNS () ( )
21. DNS (663)
22. ()
23. (, 744)
24. ADSL (160)
25. SONET/SDH (178)
26. (TDM, FDM .)(168)
27. T1/E1 (172)
28. Ipv6(533)
29. X.25 (84) - http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25
30. ()
31. IEEE 802.11 (92, 342)
32. MPLS (479)
33. IP- (459)
34. RSVP (473)
35. RTP (604)
36. (473)
37. (476)
38. ()
DNS-
(authoritative response) - . (non authoritative response) - , . DNS-.
DNS-
(orward) IP-. .
(reverse) IP- . , .
. 1 16 , . . - : , . , , .
|
|
/ (TYPE):
--------------------------------------------------------
No............ ...
--------------------------------------------------------
01............ A...... host address (IP )
02............ NS..... authoritative name server (NS )
03............ MD..... mail destination (., MX)
04............ MF..... mail forwarder (., MX)
05............ CNAME.. the canonical name for alias
06............ SOA.... marks of a start of zone of authority
07............ MB..... (experimental)
08............ MG..... (experimental)
09............ MR..... mail rename domain name (experimental)
10............ NULL... a null RR
11............ WKS.... a well known service description
12............ PTR.... a domain name pointer
13............ HINFO.. host information
14............ MINFO.. mail box or mail list information
15............ MX..... mail exchange
16............ TXT.... text string
, .
' A ' ' NS ', ' MX ', . .
. :
01............ IN..... the Internet
02............ CS..... the CSNET
03............ CH..... the CHAOS class
04............ HS..... Hesiod [Dyer 87]
- .
ATM
ATM ( . . .) ATM: (CBR), (Variable Bit Rate VBR), (ABR) (Unspecified Bit Rate UBR) .
ATM , , , : CBR ABR. , . CBR , ABR , 100%.
VBR . .
UBR , - . , , UBR .
, ABR , VBR. VBR, , , CBR. (, ) . , , .
, ATM , ABR, .
|
|
CBR
CBR , , , .. , , . CBR, .
( 64 /) 6 . , ATM, , 1000 . "" ATM . 6 , . , , , .
, , 8 16 /. , (Personal Communication Networks). (48 8 /). (), .
ABR
ABR ITU-T ATM. , ATM 100%. ABR . , , IP SMDS, ABR.
ABR , . , ABR , . . .
ABR (Cell Delay Variation CDV) , , . ABR- (Peak Cell Rate PCR) (Minimum Cell Rate MCR) . MCR, , PCR.
CBR ABR . CBR- , . ABR- , , . . ABR (RM-), .
22,23
- -, . Web- , - .
1990- CDN (Content Distribution Network ). CDN -, web-. web- -, . . CDN- .
1. ( ) CDN-, . , CDN- -, ( Exodus Worldcom) . - - .
2. CDN-. , CDN- .
3. , CDN- . CDN-, , , .
, CDN . (, Yahoo!) CDN- (, Akamai). , CDN- CDN- (Inktomi, IBM .) -, , - (, Exodus). , CDN , -!
. 2.28 CDN-. , CDN ( CDN). CDN, , , CDN-. CDN- . , , , CDN-, . , CDN- , .
CDN . ( URL-), , - CDN-? CDN DNS-, . [256].
. www.foo.com, CDN- cdn.com. , GIF- CDN, , HTML-, () . , GIF- http://www.cdn.com. , http://www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif http://www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif. ruth.gif, .
1. HTML- - www.foo.com, . HTML- http://www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif.
2. DNS- www.cdn.com, www.cdn.com. IP- , , IP- CDN-, .
3. IP- CDN- , IP-. CDN-. , www.cdn.com, CDN-, IP- www.cdn.com DNS- , .
|
|
|
|
. 2.29 CDN. HTML- -, , IP- CDN-, , , CDN-. , HTTP DNS - .
, , , CDN- , . CDN- , . - ( , ) CDN-, (, BGP-, 4), . [535]. , . CDN-, DNS-.
CDN web-, CDN , , - . (RTSP .), CDN-.
38.
, ( , , , . .), , , , .
LDAP: ,
. LDAP , X.500, .
. LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) , X.500, .
LDAP IBM Tivoli, Novell, Sun Microsystems, Oracle, Microsoft . , .
, , , . , Internet, , .
[1] , . , LDAP Directory Access Protocol X.500, . LDAP X.500 , [2].
|
|
LDAP TCP/IP, X.500 OSI.
LDAP , X.500.
LDAP (referral mechanism). , URL LDAP, . X.500 : , .
LDAP, .
LDAP
LDAP , BigFoot Infospace, LDAP-, . , . - , , , .
DANTE (Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe). 1 Web-, LDAP, , LDAP ( , , ..). , , LDAP- , mailLocalAddress, mailHost, UserCertificate ( ), ipLoginPort ipLoginHost ( , ).
1. Web-, LDAP
LDAP
LDAP -. LDAP, TCP/IP, LDAP . LDAP LDAP, LDAP- . . 1 LDAP.
. 1. LDAP. LDAP , LDAP- |
LDAP . LDAP- , , , XML.
LDAP
LDAP- , , . . 2 , . LDAP (distinguished name, DN), . (directory information tree, DIT), (RootDN).
2. LDAP. LDAP , |
LDAP dc (domain component), ou (organizational unit), uid (user id). , RootDN, , dc=organization-name, dc=gr, DN : uid=avakali, ou=people, dc=organization-name, dc=gr.
. ; LDAP . , LDAP , , . , LDAP .
. , LDAP . , LDAP , (-). , :
1:
ldapsearch -h localhost -b
dc=organization-name, dc=gr
uid=avakali
2:
ldapsearch -h localhost -b
ou=people, dc=organization-name, dc=gr
businesscategory=Assistant Professor
-h , -b , . , uid=avakali ( , dc=organization-name, dc=gr), businesscategory=AssistantProfessor ( ou=people, dc=organization-name, dc=gr).
. , LDAP . :
LDAP, , ;
LDAP , , , ;
LDAP . . , , LDAP - , .