1928 ( , 22 1925 ) - . 1934 (.). . ( , -) , , . , -, , , 1960 . 90- XX - .
1947 , Bell Labs , 16 . 23 . . 1956 . , .
, .
Bell . (semiconductor triode), Solid Triode, Surface States Triode, (crystal triode) Iotatron, (transistor, transfer resist ), (John R. Pierce), .
, . , , ( , ). .
́ (. transistor), , , . , . , - .
. . ( , , . .). () ( BJT, bipolar junction transistor). (, , , , . .), , , .
1956 , .
VT Q. 1970- . һ, ϻ ( ) һ ( ).