.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


: T568B




RJ-45

 

 

:

1. , .

2. , . , , .



.

3. , . , .

4. , .

5. RJ-45

6. , .

7. , , .

.
: T568A Siemon T568B AT&T. .

: T568A

: -, , -, . .

: T568B

: -, , -, . .

( )

, 2 :

1. 2 .
2. 2 Hub/Switch

.
, , , . RJ-45. / .

1. , .
2. .
3. .


4. , RJ-45 , .
5. , . , .
6. . , , , , . , , .

.

(1-5 ) , , .

VLAN (. . Virtual Local Area Network) () , , , , . VLAN , , , . .

́ ́ (́) (. broadcast domain) , , . () OSI, .

́ ́ ( . co axis , ), (. coaxial), , . . .

Linux , Ubuntu, ifconfig.

, . .

 

eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:04:75:c1:e2:ab

inet addr:10.2.10.32 Bcast:10.2.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

.

.

 

eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:04:75:c1:e2:6b

inet addr:192.168.140.1 Bcast:192.168.140.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

.

.

 

lo Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0

.

.

, . ifconfig eth0 eth0. eth0 .

sudo ifconfig eth0 down

sudo ifconfig eth0 up

, .

.

sudo ifconfig eth1 inet 192.168.140.1

ip eth1 192.168.140.1

sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:12:34:56:78:90

00:12:34:56:78:90

sudo ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.0

eth0 255.255.255.0

.
, /etc/network/interfaces .

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system

# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

 

# The loopback network interface

auto lo

iface lo inet loopback

 

# The primary network interface

auto eth0

iface eth0 inet static

address 10.2.10.32

#hwaddress ether 12:34:56:78:90:12

netmask 255.255.255.0

network 10.2.10.0

broadcast 10.2.10.255

gateway 10.2.10.1

dns-nameservers 212.212.45.174

 

 

# The secondary network interface

auto eth1

iface eth1 inet static

address 192.168.140.1

netmask 255.255.255.0

. DNS /etc/network/interfaces, DNS Ubuntu /etc/resolv.conf, , ,

nameserver 80.227.64.17

nameserver 80.231.56.1

sudo / etc / init.d / networking restart

DHCP, /etc/network/interfaces

auto eth0

iface eth0 inet auto

DHCP

dhclient

sudo / etc / init.d / networking stop

sudo / etc / init.d / networking start

eth0 mac . .

mac .

sudo ifconfig eth0 down

sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 12:34:56:78:90:12

sudo ifconfig eth0 up

sudo / etc / init.d / networking restart

, bash-.

/home/user mynetconfig

echo "########OTKLYCHENIE eth0#######"

sudo ifconfig eth0 down

 

echo "#####MENYAEM MAC ADRES#####"

sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:13:8f:cb:10:21

 

echo "########VKLUCHAEM eth0#########"

sudo ifconfig eth0 up

 

echo "####PEREZAGRYGAEM NETWORKING####"

sudo / etc / init.d / networking restart

echo "KONEC"

/home/user/mynetconfig

. mynetconfig /use/local/bin mynetconfig.

. .

, /etc/init.d/, , /etc/init.d/ .

update-rc.d mynetconfig defaults 99

:
mynetconfig -
defaults -
99 -

/etc/init.d/

update-rc.d -f mynetconfig remove

, /etc/rc.local , .

, , .

- ( , , DHCP) Windows XP:

, >>>>

Windows 7:

,

1. .

2.

3. , , , .

4. - ip- , .

5. IP- 169.254.x.x ( APIPA) , " IP- ", DHCP- ( ) .

6. DHCP , IP (????)

7. -

8. . bonjour ().

: . c:\program files\bonjour "mDNSResponder -remove" - . mdnsnsp.dll - . . :\program files\bonjour. "netsh winsock reset" winsock
"

9. -> -> -> -> regedit "" ( Windows) -> HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run -> "Adobe ARM", "". .

PING TCP/IP , , .

:

C:> ping <IP >

Pinging 160.82.52.11 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 160.82.52.11: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=252
Reply from 160.82.52.11: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=252
Reply from 160.82.52.11: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=252
Reply from 160.82.52.11: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=252

, 32 160.82.52.11 - 10 , .

PING ( ).

ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]] [-w timeout] destination-list

-t .
-a .
-n count -.
-l size .
-f " ".
-i TTL .
-v TOS .
-r count .
-s count .
-j host-list Loose source route along host-list.
-k host-list Strict source route along host-list.
-w timeout ( ).

 

ping () url ()-t Enter.
. http.

traceroute , TCP/IP. Traceroute ICMP.
traceroute , , . - , .
traceroute . Microsoft Windows tracert, GNU/Linux traceroute.

IP , IP . , , IP . , , , , .

(- cmd) tracert mail.ru enter.

Microsoft Windows Netsh .

Netsh .

Netsh . , .

Netsh , . netsh , .

 

 

1. DNS (. Domain Name System ) - .

DNS - , IP- ( ).

*!!!

* - , ...
DNS 1 ... 2 , 48 ( ).

DNS - (.. ), DNS-**

**DNS- - : , yandex.ru - dns :)

, :

(, Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Firefox) => , , yandex.ru (.. ) => DNS ( , ), ip yandex.ru => *** DNS , yandex.ru ip ... => **** , ip , ip, ...

*** - ip , DNS DNS , ( :.ru) => ip , => ****

.. , yandex.ru - , ... , ?:) , : :\ \ \\...

, DNS yandex.ru... ( ) :)

DNS - . dns1 dns2 IP URL . , . dns. , , -, 4- . , 4- .

DNS-:

IP- ,

,

.

2. DHCP - TCP/IP, IP-. ( " IP-"). TCP/IP - IP-, . IP-. , , . , . DHCP "", IP-, . Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Domain Name Service (DNS), IP- WINS DNS-.

, . . - DHCP- , IP- . , , .

DHCP-? Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( ) , , IP- TCP/IP.

DHCP- , . , DHCP, , . , . , , . , , . . , IP- . DHCP- , , .

DHCP-

DHCP- . :

. , DHCP- , IP-;

. , , , IP- , , IP- DNS-, ( ), , ;

. ( , , , . .) IP-. ( , , 192.168..110). , IP-, , , ..;

DHCP-. .

DHCP- . , TCP/IP.

.

:

A.

"" . : 1 - 126. : 255.0.0.0, 16777216 (256*256*256). : 125.*.*.*

B.

"" . : 128.0 - 191.255, : 255.255.0.0, 65536 (256*256). : 136.12.*.*

C.

"" . : 192.0.0 - 255.254.255, : 255.255.255.0, 254 . : 195.136.12.*

.

IP- (v4) 32-. IPv6 - 128 .

IPv4-, , , . , : 192.168.11.10.

IP- source IP destination IP: ( ) (). . IP- . . 32- 32 .

IP- ( ) , . : IP-.

. , [], . (- , IP-.) , , ( , ). , .

32-. IP-, . - , - .

120.22.123.12=01111000.00010110.01111011.00001100.

255.255.248.0=11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000.

N , 32-N . , . N, . : 192.168.11.10/21 192.168.11.10 255.255.248.0. , .

, ( ) IP- , .

: ? , , , IP- . : 192.168.111.64 255.255.255.192? .

, :

1) ;

, . IP- , .

1) ;

IP-, . , . .

2) (Broadcast).

. , .

, 255 (, 192.168.111.255), 0 (, 192.168.111.0). , , , 255.255.255.0 ( є ), broadcast 255, 0. broadcast , 192.168.111.64, 192.168.111.127.

, , є . , . , 256-192 = 64 ( 192 ) 64 62 , 2 . IP- 192.168.111.0, 192.168.111.64, 192.168.111.128, 192.168.111.192 ( ip- ). , IP- C 256, 4 .

, , : 192.168.111.64 .

, : ? . 3. , 2 . 4. ? .

:

1) (255.255.255.192);

, .

2) (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000).

, : 192.168.111.0/26, 192.168.111.0 , /26 .

(!) . .. 11111111.11111111.11111111.1100 11 00 . 8 C ( , ). , 11111111 , , 11111110 , , . . 11111100 4- , boradcast, . (gateway), .

, 4- .

, , , . , , . , , . , !

SMTP, FTP, POP3, HTTP, HTTPS

TCP/IP

 

.

. Enter . , , , , . , , .

, , , .

, , , .

TCP/IP.

IP , . OSI.

 





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