|
- () , - ≡
. .
|
|
|
|
|
nH2n-2 (- )
:
22 ,
CH≡CH
34 -
CH≡C-CH3
46-
CH≡C ─
CH≡C-CH2─ ,
48
*
C≡C-C-C─; C≡ C-C─
-1 |
C
3- -1
*
C≡C-C-C; C-C ≡ C-C;
-1 -2
()
C-C ≡C-C; C=C ─C=C
-2; -1,3;
2 4 -
5 16
17 >
, ,
| ;
.
sp - :
1S + 1 → 3 S
σ-
- sp- sp;
- sp s
1800
π-: Pz- Pz; P- P
. -
0,120 () (1 = 10-7.)
≡ 837 /
(C≡C), .
| π- , - , σ-. ( ) : |:→ + + -
π- (2; 2; ; 2)-
t0,Ni,
1. :CH≡CH+2 →CH2=CH2 →CH3-CH3
2. :CH≡CH + Br2 → BrCH=CHBr → Br2CH-CHBr2 -
3. ( - )
CH3-C≡CH + l→CH3-Cl =CH2 →CH3-Cl2 CH3
4.  Hg2+, +, t0
CH≡ CH+2 → [H2C= CH] →
-
Hg2+, +, t0
CH3-C≡CH+2 → [ CH3-C =CH2] → CH3- -CH3
() ║
5. 
: 3CH ≡ CH→ (6000; )
 CH≡ CH+ l→ CH2= CHl → (─CH2─ CH─)n
l
:222 + 52 → 42 + 22 + Q (t0) ( )
6. :
CH≡ CH+[ ] → C- C ( , . )
3CH≡CH+8KMnO4→3KC-CK+2 + 8MnO2↓+22;
:
5 CH3C≡CCH3 + 6KMnO4+92S4→ 103 + 32SO4 +6MnSO4 +42
5CH32C≡CCH3+6KMnO4+92S4 → 53+532+
+32SO4+6MnSO4 +42
7. ( )
CH≡ CH+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]→ AgC≡ CAg↓ + 4NH3+ 22 (t0)
CH≡ CH+2 [Cu(NH3)2]Cl→ CuC≡ CCu↓ + 2NH4Cl
:
CH≡CAg+BrCH3→AgBr+CH≡C-CH3
CH3-C≡CH + BrCH3→ CH3-C≡C−CH3+HBr (Pd2+)
| 1. (95%- CH4)
1500
2CH4→ 22+ 2H2 -
1. - :
CaC2+22→22 + Ca(OH)2
(3C +CaO →CaC2 +CO - 25000
CaCO3 +4C → CaC2 + 3CO)
2.
CH≡CAg+BrCH3→
→AgBr+CH≡C-CH3
3. :
-
t0
lCH2-CH2Cl + 2() → → CH≡CH+ 2KCl +22
CH3-CBr2─CH3+2()→ → CH3-C≡CH+ 2KCl + 22(t0)
4. -
2Zn
CHBr 2-CHBr2 → CH≡CH + 2ZnBr2
( , , , ).
, , (1,2 , .)
| :
| .1. (II)
1) 2) 3) 4)
.2. :
1) 2)
3) 4)
. 3. (..) 194
1) 22,4. 2)44,8 3) 56 4) 112
. 4. sp- ? 1) 2) 3) 4)
.5. Hg2+
1) 3 2) 25 3) 24 4) 3
.6. σ- 1) 6 2) 2 3) 5 4) 4
.7.
1) , , 2) , ,
3) , , 4) -2, ,
.8. → → ջ
1) 2) 3) 4)
.9.
1) π- σ- 2) π- σ-
3) π- σ- 4) π- σ-
.10.
1) 2) 3) 4)
.11. 2--2
1) sp 3 2) sp 2 3) sp 3 sp 2 4) sp 3 sp
.1. ,
1) [Cu(NH3)2]Cl, 2, 2 2)CuSO4, C, Br2 3) Na2O, HCl, O2
4) [Ag(NH3)2], HBr, Cl2 5) CO2 2, HCl 6) KMnO4, 2, Br2
.2. 1) sp-
2) π- 3)
4) 5)
6)
.3. - 1 :
1) π- 2)
3)
4) sp 2-
5)
6) (II)
| 1. . :
 ) CaC2 → 22→ 24→ 25Br→ 410
CH3-CHO
) 22 ←CH4→ CH3Cl→ C2 H6→ 24→ 24Cl2→ 22→ C2
2Br2 Na. X3n
) 38 → 36 Br2 → 34 →?
2. ,
1. CH3-CH2 -CH2 -CH2Cl → → → CH3-CH2 -C≡CH
2Br2 4.
CH3-CH2 -C≡C─H3→ → → ↓→
3. . . . .
Hg2+/ 2
 ) A → H3C─C(CH3)2 ─CH2 ─C─CH (CH3)2
Br2
) → H3C─CBr2 ─CBr2 ─CH (CH3)(C2H5)
HCl
) → H3C─CCl2 ─ CH (CH3)2
Ag2O / NH3
) → H3C─CH2 ─CH2 ─C≡C─Ag
4. -1, , -2. ?. .
5. (I) , . 20. ?
6. , , , , ..?
.
1. 2,125. . (58)
2. 12,5%. 3. (712)
3. 13,5. (..) 5,6 . 10,8 17,92 (..) 10,8 . . (410)
4. , 11,2 . (..)
5. 6,2 150,4 ? 80% (4,3 )
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