- ,
, 2() + 1/22() = 2(); Δ r 298 = -285,84
Qp = H2 H1 = D r H Δr<0 - (Q )
Δr>0 - (Q )
, - .
2
) ) , .
) :
3/2 2() +1/2N2() ↔ NH3() Δ r 298 = -46,19
) , -
+(-) + -(-)→ 2() Δ r 298 = -55,9
( -55,9 / 2())
1. , - Q.i = - Q.i
2. ,
1
2 3 Dr (1) = Dr (2) + Dr (3)
: ν
, :
Δ r 0 = ∑ν i Δ fi 0 - ∑ν j Δ fj 0
: =const = 105 | |
=100 (1) = 1 ( = , /105) | |
1 / |
() Df - 1 , 298 100
C () Df0 - 1 , .
Df0298 - 298 .
Δ f 0298 = 0 (2-, Br2-, -, Sn , S() .)
3
, H2SO4( )
H2()+2O2()+S()=H2SO4(), DrͰ298 = -811,3 /
DrͰ298 = Δf0298H2SO4() - Δf0298H2() - 2Δf0298O2() - Δf0298S() = -811,3 -0-2.0-0 =-811,3 / ( )
4
∆rH0298 () + 2 () = 2 () (1),
|
|
(2) 2 () + 2 () = 2 (), ∆rH0298 (2) = -221
(3) 2 () + 2 () = 22 (), ∆rH0298 (3) = -566,1
: .1 = ½ .2 ½ .3
½(2 () +2 () - 2 () - 2 ()) = ½×(2 () - 22 ()) () + 2() = 2()
∆ rH 01= ½ (∆ rH 02-∆ rH 03) = ½[-221(-566,1)]= 172,5
∆H0 , .
Q - , 1 1 3 . Q H2O(), Q , H2O() . Q .
Q = -∆H0c1000/M, / (, / )
Q = -∆H0c1000/Vm, /3 (Vm =22,4, / . =273 =101,3 ).
5
∆H0 (/3) : C2H4() - 20% 80%
:
C2H4() + 3 O2 () = 2 CO2() + 2 H2O() DrͰ298 = H0c C2H4() = -1312,00 /
C3H8() + 5 O2 () = 3 CO2() + 4 H2O() DrͰ298 = ∆ H0c C3H8() = -2436,26 /
DrͰ298 = H0c :
∆H0c C2H4() =2 ∆fH0CO2() +2∆fH0H2O() - ∆fH0C2H4()- 3 ∆fH0O2() = 2(-396,3)+ 2(-285,84) 52,28 0 = -1312,00 .
∆H0c C3H8() =3 ∆fH0CO2() +4 ∆fH0H2O() -∆fH0C3H8()- 5 ∆fH0O2 () = 3(-396,3) + 4(-285,84) (-104) 0 = -2436,26 .
:
Q C2H4() = -∆H0c1000/Vm = 1312,00.1000/22,4 = 58571, 4 /3 .
Q C3H8() = -∆H0c1000/Vm = 2436,26 .1000/22,4 = 108761,6 /3 .
: C2H4() - 20% 80%:
Q = 0,2 Q C2H4() + 0,8 Q C3H8() = 0,2. 58571, 4 + 0,8. 108761,6 = 98723,56 /3 ..
6
∆H0 (/3)
:
C5H12() + 8 O2 () = 5 CO2() + 6 H2O() DrͰ298 = ∆H0c C5H12() = - 3590,28 /.
DrͰ298 = H0c - C5H12() :
∆H0cC5H12()=5∆fH0CO2()+6∆fH0H2O()-∆fH05H12()-8∆fH0O2() =(-396,3)+6(-285,84)(-10,26)0= -3 590,28 /.
C5H12 C5H12 = 72 /.
:
Q=-∆H0cC5H12()1000/MC5H12=-(- 3590,28)∙1000/72=44879 / =44,878 /.
.
7
∆H0 (/3) , 10 % .
:
C5H12() + 8 O2 () = 5 CO2() + 6 H2O() DrͰ298 = ∆H0c C5H12() = - 3590,28 /.
|
|
DrͰ298 = H0c - C5H12() :
∆H0cC5H12()=5∆fH0CO2()+6∆fH0H2O()-∆fH05H12()-8∆fH0O2() =(-396,3)+6(-285,84)(-10,26)0= -3 590,28 /.
C5H12 C5H12 = 72 /..
10 % . .
Q = -∆H0cC5H12()1000 ∙(1-0,1) /MC5H12= -(- 3590,28)∙1000/72=44879 / =44,878 /,
0,1 (.) .
8
- , , 448 (..) CO2. ? . ∆H0c C5H12() = - 3590,28 /.
:
C5H12() + 8 O2 () = 5 CO2() + 6 H2O() DrͰ298 = ∆H0c C5H12() = - 3590,28 /.
C5H12 = 72 / 5∙22,4
C5H12() + 8 O2 () = 5 CO2() + 6 H2O() ∆H0c C5H12() = - 3590,28 /
M 448
:
C5H12():
1 ( =72 /) C5H12() - 5Vm =112 (.) CO2() -∆H0c C5H12() = 3590,28 /
n (m C5H12(), ) C5H12() - V CO2 = 448 (.) CO2() Q
m C5H12() = VCO2∙ C5H12/5Vm = 448 ∙ 72/112 = 288 C5H12()
n C5H12() = VCO2 /5Vm = 448 /112 = 4 C5H12().
Q = -∆H0cC5H12() ∙ n C5H12() = -(-3590,28)/ ∙ 4 = 14361 = 14,361 .
9
, 100 3 C2H4() ( ).
:
: V C2H4() = 100 3 (..)
Q
:
C2H4() + 3 O2 () = 2 CO2() + 2 H2O() ∆H0c C2H4() = -1312,00 /
.
:
∆H0c C2H4()=2∆fH0CO2 () +2∆fH0H2O() - ∆fH0C2H4()- 3∆fH0O2 () =2(-396,3)+2(-285,84) 52,28 0 = -1312,00
Vm =22,4 / (.) .
C2H4(
Vm =22,4 / (.) C2H4() (1 ) - (- ∆H0c C2H4())= 1312,00 /
V = 100 3 (..) C2H4() - Q ____________________
Q = -∆H0c (C2H4() ∙V C2H4()∙1000 / Vm= - (-1312,00)/∙(100∙1000) /22,4 / = 5857∙103 = 5857
Δ r 0 :
(298 ÷ ) , :
∆ rH0T = ∆ rH 0298 + ∆ r0pdT
p ,
∆ rp -
∆ rp =∑ν i i 0 -∑ν j j 0
:
1-: ¹ () (,i =nst), ∆r0= nst ∆r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( - 298)
2 : ~ 298 ∆ r 0 ,i = 0 ∆ rH0T = ∆ rH 0298
3 (298 ÷ )
∆ r 0 = ∆ r 0298 + ∆ r 0 (1) ( - 298) +∆ r 0 + ∆ r 0 (2) ( - )
2 : , .. ∆ S > 0.
S - . , S. S
, (P, T), , .. . , , W: S = k lnW, /()
|
|
k k = R/N =1.38×10-23 /
3 (. ): ( ) W=1, S = k ln1 = 0
S
S, /()
S
,
S .
C S0, /(×) - , . S 0298 - .
10
: ) + 2, 2 DrS0= 87 /; ) 32,+ N2, 2NH3, DrS0= -90 /; ) + 2, 2; DrS0=2,9 /.
) + 2, 2 DrS0= 87 / > 0 ( ∆n = 2-1=1>0);
) 32,+ N2, 2NH3, DrS0= -90 /< 0 - (∆n = 2-3-1=-2<0);;
) + 2, 2; DrS0=2,9 /@0 (∆n = 1-1=0), DrS0>0 : 2 2 .
Δ S = Q/T; Δ S= ∆ H /T. : Δ rS = ∑ν i Si - ∑ν j Sj
=298 : Δ rS 0298 = ∑ν iS 0298, i - ∑ν jS 0298, j
Δ rS 0298 298
Δ rS :
(298 ÷) : ∆rS0T = ∆rS0298 + dT
1 : ¹ () (,i = nst), ∆r0= nst ∆ rS0T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∆ r 0 ln
2 : ~ 298 ∆ r 0 ,i = 0 ∆ rS0T = ∆ rS 0298
3 - (298 ÷ ) . :
∆ rS 0 = ∆ rS 0298 + ∆ r 0 (1) (ln - ln298) +∆ rS 0 + ∆ r 0 (2) (ln - ln )
S : ∆ Si =Si S0i = - R ln(p/p0) 1 1 : ∆ Si = - R ln i
11
∆rH0298, ∆rH01000, ∆rS0298 ∆rS01000 () + 2() = 2(), .
. ∆r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( - 298) ∆ rS0T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∆ r 0 ln
:
Δf0298,/ | S0298,/(.K) | 0298,/. | |
() | 0,0 | 5,74 | 8,54 |
2 () | -393,5 | 213,68 | 37,41 |
() | -110,5 | 197,54 | 29,14 |
Δr0298 = ∑ν iΔfi0 -∑νjΔfj 0 = Δf0298 -Δf0298 -Δf0298 2 = 2(-110,5) 0 (-393,5) = 172,5 > 0 -
.. , ∆r0 = ∑ν i i0 - ∑νj j 0 = 20298029802982= 2.(29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /.
∆r01000 =172,5 + 12,33.10-3.(1000 - 298) = 181,16 .
|
|
│(∆r0298 - Δr01000)│100% /│Δr0298│ = │(172,5 - 181,16)│100% /172,5 = 5%.
S , Δ rS0298 =∑νiS0298,i . - ∑νjS0298,j =2S0298, - S0298, - S0298,2 = 2(197,54)5,74213,68=175,66 /K>0 .. (Δ n = 2-1=1 >0).
∆rS01000 =∆rS0298 + ∆r0ln =175,66+12,33ln(1000/298)=175,66+14,93=190,59 /. DT = 702
│(∆rS0298 - ΔrS01000) │100% /│ΔrS0298│ = │ (175,66 - 190,59 │100% /175,66 @ 8,5%.
702 5%, 8,5%.
. . ∆r ( ) ∙∆rS ( ) . , ∆r ∙∆rS , : - P, = const - ∆rG=∆r - ∙∆rS - V, = const - ∆rF=∆rU - ∙∆rS : - : ∆rG < 0 - : ∆rF <0 ∆rG ∆rF: ∆rG - ∆rF = ∆nRT A = - D G , , . Δ S , , D rG < 0 - D rG > 0 D rG = 0 |
∆ r | ∆ rS | Dr G | |||||||
- | + | - | |||||||
+ | - | + | . | ||||||
- | - | - | 298 < < | ||||||
+ | + | - | < < | ||||||
Dr G :
1 =298 Δ rG0298 = ∑ν iΔfG0298,i - ∑ν jΔfG0298,j
∆ fG 1 ,
∆ fG0- ( ) ∆ fG 0298, - [/] ∆ fG 0298 ( )= 0
2 Δ rGT = ∆ rHT - T ∆ rST ( ∆ rH ∆ rS . )
Δ rG0298 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
∆ r 0 ,i = 0: Δ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
12
∆rH0298 , ∆rS0298 , ∆rG0298 ( ) () + 2() = 2() 298 .
: :
Δ f 0298, / | S0298, /(.K) | ∆f G0298, / | |
() | 0,0 | 5,74 | 0,0 |
2 () | -393,5 | 213,68 | -394,4 |
() | -110,5 | 197,54 | -137,14 |
: ν
, =298 ( )
Δr0298 =∑ν i Δ fi 0 298 -∑ν j Δ fj 0 298 = 2Δf0298 ()- Δf0298 () - Δf0298 2 () =2(-110,5)0 (-393,5) = 172,5 . Δr0298 >0 -
S G :
Δ rS 0298 =∑ν iS 0298, i -∑ν jS 0298, j =2S0298 () -S0298 ()- S0298 2 () = 2(197,54)5,74213,68=175,66 /K Δ rS 0298 >0 - ∆ν = 2 1 = 1 >0
|
|
Δ rG0298 = ∑ν i Δ fG0298,i - ∑ν j Δ fG0298,j = 2Δf G0298 () - Δf G0298 () - Δf G0298 2 () =2(-137,14) 0 (-394,4) = 120.09
2 : =298 ∆ rG0298 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298 = 172,5 298.175,66.10-3 = 120,15
∆ rG0298, .
- : ∆rG < 0
.. ∆ rG0298 > 0 =298 , .
13
() + 2 () = 2 () (Δr0298 = 172,5 , ∆r S0298 = . 175,66 /)
, . | |
() | (298 2300) |
2 () | (298 2500) |
() | (298 2500) |
. = 2300 ( - )
∆rG=∆r - ∙∆rS - - , , (∆r) (∙∆rS) P, = const ( ).
, ∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298 < 0. 2: ∆rH0 = ∆ rH0298 ∆rS0 = ∆ rS0298 ( ), ∆ rG0 () .
= ∆ rH0298 /∆ rS0298 = 172,5/175,66.10-3 = 928 K , .. ∆ rG0 = 0.
( ) Δr0298 = 172,5 >0 , ( ) ∙∆r S0298 = . 175,66 >0 . . >.
, ( ∆ rG0 <0):
∆ rG0,
= 982 < < 2300 = ..
∆ rG0298 = 120,09
∆ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298
298 982 2300 ,
∆ rG0 <0
Δ rGT - :
: a A + b B + d D = e E + f F Δ rG =∆ rG0 + RT ln
.
: a A()+ b B() +d D() = e E() +f F( ) (∆V = 0) ∆r GºT= ∆r FºT= - RTln (ceE cfF / caA cbB )
14
() +2 () =2 () 298 (∆ rG0298 = 120,15 )?
∆ rG298< 0
-: Δ rG298 = ∆rG0298 + RT ln < 0.
= , 120,15+8,31.10-3.298 ln<0, ln<-48,5 Þ = <10-21
15
, 10 ()+2()=2() = 1000 (Δr0298 = 172,5 , ∆r S0298 = . 175,66 /)
ΔrGT (()- ):
ΔrG = ∆rG0 + RTln =1000 ΔrG1000 = ∆rG01000 + RTln
, . . 2 1: Δ rG0 = ∆ rH0298 - T ∆ rS0298 ( ∆ r 0 = 0, .. ∆rH0 = ∆ rH0298 ∆rS0 = ∆ rS0298 - )
=1000 Δ rG01000 = 172,5- 1000∙175,66.10-3 = -3,16 ˂ 0 =1000
, ΔrG1000 = -3,16+8,31. 10 -3. 1000 ln(1/10-1) = -3,16+19,11=15,95 ˃ 0 - 10 =1000 .
∆ rG01000 ˂ 0 ˂ Δ rG1000
, .
a A()+ b B()) Û e E()+ f F()
Δ rG < 0 ( ) Δ rG >0 ( )
∆ rG = ∆ rH - T ∆ rS
(∆rH) (T∆rS) (ΔrG) , .
: ∆rG = 0 (p, = const) ∆rF = 0 (v, = const)
υ . = υ ( )
, . : , , .
16
, ( ) , ()+ 2()=2()
: :
Δ f 0298, / | S0298, /(.K) | ∆f G0298, / | , . | |
() | 0,0 | 5,74 | 0,0 | (298 2300) |
2 () | -393,5 | 213,68 | -394,4 | (298 2500) |
() | -110,5 | 197,54 | -137,14 | (298 2500) |
. = 2300 ( - )
: ν
, =298 ( )
Δr0298 =∑ν i Δ fi 0 298 -∑ν j Δ fj 0 298 = 2Δf0298 ()- Δf0298 () - Δf0298 2 () =2(-110,5)0 (-393,5) = 172,5 . Δr0298 >0 -
S G :
Δ rS 0298 =∑ν iS 0298, i -∑ν jS 0298, j =2S0298 () -S0298 ()- S0298 2 () = 2(197,54)5,74213,68=175,66 /K Δ rS 0298 >0 - ∆ν = 2 1 = 1 >0
- : ∆rG < 0
Δ rG0298 = ∑ν i Δ fG0298,i - ∑ν j Δ fG0298,j = 2Δf G0298 () - Δf G0298 () - Δf G0298 2 () =2(-137,14) 0 (-394,4) = 120.09 > 0 =298 , .
∆rG=∆r - ∙∆rS - - , , (∆r) (∙∆rS) P, = const ( ).
Δ rG < 0 ( ), Δ rG >0 ( )
∆ rG = ∆ rH - T ∆ rS
(∆rH) (T∆rS) (ΔrG) , .
: ∆rG = 0 (p, = const) ∆rF = 0 (v, = const)
υ . = υ ( ).
, . : , , .
= ∆ rH0298 /∆ rS0298 = 172,5/175,66.10-3 = 928 K , .. ∆ rG0 = 0.
( ) Δr0298 = 172,5 >0 , ( ) ∙∆r S0298 = .175,66 >0 . , , ( ∆ rG0 <0): = 982 < < 2300 = ..
:
= p =
- ( ).
: = (R*T)∆n ( ∆n =(e+f) (a + b) - ; R* = 0,082 ..-1.-1 ) .
-
( , ).
∆rG, , p.
∆rG0= - RT ln ∆rG0= - RT ln .
, (η) ( ) ( ) - ( 100 % . .. ∞)
:
.
ln Kp = - ∆ rG0 / RT ln Kp =
- - : ( ∆ rH0 ¹ f(T) d ln Kp / dT
- ,
17
() + 2() = 2() 298 1000 . ∆ rG0298 =120; ∆ rG01000 =-3,16 . .
= ; = ; ∆ rG0 =- RT ln ; Kp =exp(- ∆G0 / RT); =
298 = exp(-120.103/8,31.298) = (-48,5) = 8×10-22;
Kp 1000 = exp(+3160/8,31.1000) = (0,38) = 1, 46.
∆n = 2-1=1
298 = = 3×10-23 1000 = = 0,018
298 - << 1 - .
1000 - > 1 - . . - : ˃ 0 ∆ rH0 >0. , .
18
() + 2() = 2() 298 =8×10-22; Kp 1000 =1, 46; Δr0298 = 172,5 .
.
:
- - :
∆ rH0 - , 1- : ∆ rH0 ¹ f(T);
. . Δr0298 = 172,5 >0 (RT2 >0), d ln Kp / dT ˃0 ( ) - , Kp .
19
10-1 1 ()+2()=2() = 1000 , Kp 1000 =1, 46.