1.
2 86.
( ) | () | ||||||
Intel 8086 | 5-10 | 29 000 (3 ) | . | ||||
Intel 80286 | 6-12 | 134 000 (1.5 ) | 24 , . | ||||
Intel 80386 | 275 000 (1 ) | 32 , 32 , 32 , , - | |||||
I486 | RISC-,. . , . | ||||||
Pentium | 64 (32) | 60-200 | 3,1 (800) | ( ), (), . | |||
Pentium MMX | 64 (32) | 166, 200, 233 | 3,3 (350) | ( ) | |||
Pentium Pro | 64 (32) | 150- 200 | 5,5 (350) | () . . 36 | |||
Pentium II | 64 (32) | 233-400 | 27,4 (180) | 32 , . | |||
Pentium III | 64 (32) | 450-1400 | 44 (130) | SSE (128- ) | |||
Pentium IV | 64 (32) | 1,4 3,8 | 125 (90) | ||||
Core 2 | 64 (64) | 1,8-3,1 | (45) | - . | |||
Core i7 | 64 (64) | 2,6 3,3 | (45) | (DMA), FSB (QPI), 32 ;8- L3. |
Intel 8086 16- Intel. , , x86.
20 , 1 . , . , .
Intel 80286 ( i286) 16- x86- Intel, 1982 . Intel 8086 3-6 . , , IBM PC .
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, . 24 , 16 , ( , ).
Intel 80386 (i386) 32 - x86- Intel 1985 . 32- IBM PC- . , , ( ).
x86 32 32-, 32-. i386 .
i386 x86 -, (- ).
Intel486 (i486) 32- x86- , CISC-RISC , Intel 1989 . i386, . (FPU). Intel (2009) .
Intel486 - 8 , 16 , . .
Intel486 . Intel486 5 : , , , , .
. Intel486 () .
. , . , , . , PCI , , , .
, 4 .
(pipeline) , .
, . , . . , , , . , . , , - , ( ).
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, .
RISC (. Reduced Instruction Set Computing) , CISC (. Complex Instruction Set Computing).
, : . 80/20, 80% 20% , . , , , , , . , , (.. ).
RISC CISC 2
3
RISC- | ISC- |
(, 32 ) . | , .. |
. | |
(32 ). | , |
, , CISC- . , RAM , .
x86, Intel486DX, CISC- RISC-. CISC- x86 RISC. x86, ( 4-) RISC-.
Pentium x86, Intel.
Pentium (P5) Intel Intel 80486 1993 . 486- .
- . 1 . . Pentium CISC . , , . , : , , , .
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- 64- . Pentium , 486 ( ).
- ( ). , . BTB (Branch Target Buffer), .
- . Pentium - ( L1) 16, 2 : 8 8 . , . , .
- (FPU, ).
.
.
Begin
for ia:= 0 to 4 do
ib:= ib + ia;
end;
:
004D998 mov word ptr [ia], $0000;ia:= 0 004D9A1 mov ax, [$00450bd8]; 004D9A7 add [ib], ax; 004D9AE inc [ia]; 1 ia 004D9B5 cmp word ptr [ib], $05; ia 5 004D9BD jnz -$1e; ; ; ; 004D9A1 004D9BF ;- |
, 5 2 ( 004D9A1) 7 (, , 004D9BF). , , , . .. ! . , , , , , , . ( ).
, , , . , , , , . .
, . , , . Intel 97-98 .
, :
- , , ;
- , ( );
- , ;
- , .
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Pentium MMX Intel, MMX. 1997 . 57 , 64 . 16 .
(Multimedia Extensions ) , / .
, , . , MMX, ! , MMX .
Pentium Pro Intel , , x86. 1995 , , , . , ( 4- ).
( ). - (L2). .
.
() , , .
.
1: R1 = + 2;
2: R3 = R1 + 5.
3: R2 = + 3;
2 1, 2 , 1. 3 . 6- , , .., 1, . , . 6- . , . 1 3, 2 (. ...). . .
: -. (. ...) , ( Level 1 L1). L1- 32 , - . .
( Level 2 L2). . L2 , ! , (, , ).
Intel Pentium II x86- Intel P6, 1997 . Pentium II P6 ( Pentium Pro). 16 32 MMX ( Pentium MMX).
Intel Pentium III 1999 . Pentium III , Pentium II. ( SSE).
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, SSE. SSE MMX MMX , MMX .
SSE 128- .
, .
Celeron x86- Intel. Celeron . , , , : - 2 .
Celeron Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M Core 2 Duo.
Pentium 4 x86- Intel, 2000 , , ( Intel) NetBurst. Pentium 4, NetBurst Pentium D. , Celeron, , Pentium 4 .
, Pentium 4, , , . P6, Pentium III, . NetBurst . .
, , . : . , , . : 20 ! , ( , ), . (hyperpipelined). , .
( ). , ? , . , , , . , , , .
(. .). , , :
1. x86 - . 64- .
2. . .
3. CISC- x86 RISC- ( ). x86 . , . , ( ). ( ), , , .
4. ( , Trace cache), . , , , , . , x86- , L1I, , .
5. , . , 128 , (, Register File).
6. ( ), .
7. , , , , , (), - 1- (L1). . . - (L2) 256 .
Pentium 4.
8. ( ) , , . , . , , . .
9. ( ). , .
10. , .. - (ALU) (FP / MMX / SSE) .
11. . (, ), , .
, .
- , 2- :
- . Intel Core.
- , . L2 .
, , . , , .
(2009) Intel AMD . 4- , 6- .
Intel Core 2 Intel x86, , Intel Core. Intel P6 , Pentium Pro, Intel, NetBurst. Core 2 2006 . Solo (), Duo (), Quad () Extreme (- ).
NetBurst (Pentium 4), Core 2 , , , . , Pentium 4.
Intel , .
Intel Core i7 Intel Core 2. . , Core 2:
- FSB (. ) QuickPath (QPI), 32 .
- , . , e .
- Core i7 8- (L3).
, .. (). ( ), ( ) .. , . , , .