, , .
1. - 3 f £ 6. (-19, 14-2, 18-2, 18-2). f £ 10 (-1, , , -1).
(/):
= 10 n k k0 / f | (10) |
n - ;
k - (0.9);
k0 - (0.8 - 0.9).
2. f ³ 5 (36, 54, 54, 63,-3, -9,-50).
(/):
= n k k0 k k / (0.5 + f) | (11) |
k - (0.7 - 0.72 d = 45 ; 1 d = 32 - 36 );
k - (1.1 63, 54; 1 36);
- (0.02 f = 5-10; 0.3 f = 10-16).
3. . (-2, -2, -1) (1-2, 2-2).
(/):
= 60 n k0 k v / (1 + v St) | (12) |
n - , ;
k0 - (0.9 - 1);
k - (0.8 - 0.9);
St - (1 - 1.4 /);
v - (/).
7
(/) | ||||
4 - 6 | 7 - 9 | 10 - 14 | 15 - 18 | |
-1; -2; -1 | 2.5 - 1.4 | 1.0 - 0.7 | _ | _ |
-1; -2; -1 | 1.5 - 1.0 | 0.8 - 0.6 | 0.6 - 0.3 | 0.3 - 0.15 |
():
(13) |
t - - (0.5 - 0.7 ).
.
:
- -;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
- . , .
, , , . , . .
|
|
- .
(-0.6, -2, -7).
- :
- ( ), , , ;
- 9-10 , , .
-. . , , .
, , .
:
R = R1 + R2 + n1 R3, (13)
: R1 - , ;
R2 - , , ;
n1 - , ;
R3 - , .
, , :
i = U / R, (14)
: U - , .
- , , - . , - , .
- :
R = R1 + (R2 + n1 R3) / m1, (15)
: m1 - , .
, , :
i = U / (m1 R), (16)
- , .
- :
R = R1 + (R2 + R3) / n2, (17)
: n2 - , .
, , :
i = U / (n2 R), (18)
- , , - .
- :
|
|
R = (R1 + (R2 + R3)m2 / n2) + R4 (m2 - 1), (19)
: m2 - , ;
R4 - , .
, , :
i = U / (n2 R), (20)
. 4 .
. 4
- ; - -; - -; - -.
():
(21) |
N - , ;
t - , . 2.5 - 3);
j - (0.7 - 0.8);
n - ;
t - - (15 - 20 .).
: 1 - 30 S < 10 2;
2 - 30 - 60 S = 11 - 20 2;
3 - > 60 S > 20 2;
, , : , ; , ; ; .
, .
. :
(22) |
Q - , 3 /
t - , (20 - 30 , );
- , ;
S - ( ), 2;
L - , ;
I - , / ( 40 /);
k - , ;
k. - , .
k .
8
k | |
( 1 3 / ) 200. | 0.8 |
( 6 3 / ) 200 . ( ) | 0.6 |
( 6 15 3 / ), . ( ) | 0.3 |
( 15 3 / ), | 0.15 |
. , - . ():
L = 12.5 I k. / (S k2.) | (23) |
k. - , L / d.
9
L / d. | 3.22 | 3.57 | 3.93 | 4.28 | 5.40 | 6.35 | 7.72 | 9.60 | 12.10 | 15.80 |
k. | 0.247 | 0.262 | 0.266 | 0.287 | 0.335 | 0.395 | 0.460 | 0.529 | 0.600 | 0.672 |
L - , ;
|
|
d. - , ( 2 d, , 1.5 d ( d - , ).
L < L (14) L L.
, , :
(24) |
: Q - , 3 / .
. , .
Q = (100 k I) / ( - 0) (25)
: Q - , , 3 / ;
k - ( k = 1.2);
I - , , 3 / ;
- , %;
0 - , %.
10
.
, % | ||
, , | 1 | |
, | 0.75 | |
, | 0.5 | |
, | 2 | - |
. , , , 1 .
Q = q N, 3 / (26)
: q - 1 (q = 0.007 3 / );
N - , .
. , , :
Q = q N, 3 / (27)
: q - 1- , 3 / ( 6 3 / );
N - , .
:
Q = 60 vmin S, 3 / (28)
: vmin - , / ( 0.25 /);
S - , 2.
.
, , , .
:
R = 6.45 a L / d5, *2 / 8 (31)
|
|
: a - , *2 / 4, 0.0037 0.0025, - 0.0048 0.0045, - 0.0018 0.0012;
L - , ;
d - , .
:
, *2 / 8 (32)
, , . .
16
(*2 / 8) .
, | ||||||||
: 900 450 | 24.5 12.3 | 9.8 4.9 | 4.9 2.45 | 2.7 1.3 | 1.6 0.8 | 1.0 0.5 | 0.7 0.3 | |
: 900 900 | 49.0 73.5 | 19.6 31.4 | 9.8 15.7 | 5.4 8.8 | 3.2 5.0 | 2.0 3.2 | 1.3 2.1 | |
450 | 19.6 | 7.4 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. , ;
4. .
:
Q ³ k. Q, (33)
: Q - , 3 / ;
k. - ;
Q - , 3 / .
Q ³ Q ( Q - ).
:
h = R Q2, (34)
: Q - , 3 / .
Q h () ( ) .
, , Q ³ 1.43 Q.