(Aiken, 1984). , . , . . , , . . , . . . , , : ?, ?, , , ?, -, ? , . , , , , (White, Spiesman, 1982).
, , , . : , : , , . , . , , , , . .
. , , . , , , , . , . , , . , , . , . .
|
|
, . , , . , , . . - , , , .
.
, , , . , . , , , , , , . . - , (, , , , ). . 2-3 , .
, |
( )
, | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
( )
( , )
___ ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ |
( )
, |
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 |
( , )
. 2-3. ,
, (. . 2-3). , , , ; , 1 ( ) 6 ( ) . . , . , .
|
|
, . , ( ), - . , , , , . , . , , , (, ) , , . . (Spielberger et al., 1970), (Rotter, 1966), (Zuckerman, 1978) (Snyder, 1974). . , . , . , . , 16- , (Cattell, 1965), , 187 16 . , (, , ), . , , , . . , .
. ; , . .
(Self-Consciousness Scale). . (Fenigstein et al., 1975) . , , , . :
1. , .
2. .
3. .
, , . :
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
|
|
, . , . , . , , (Fenigstein, 1987; Carver, Scheier, 1987). , , (Scheier et al., 1978; Scheier, Carver, 1977). He , , , , , . , , .
. , . .
(The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI). MMPI (Lubin et al., 1985). . . 1940 (Hathaway, McKinley, 1943) . , . . , , , . . , , . , , , , . , , , , . , 10 (. 2-5). , , , (. . 2-5). , , , , , ( , - ).
2-5. MMPI , ,
( , ) | , | |
(Hs) | () | , , |
(D) | () | , , |
(Hy) | , () | , . , |
(Pd) | () | , |
, (?) | , | |
(L) | () | |
(F) | , () | , , |
(K) | , () | |
(MF) | () | , |
(P) | - () | , , |
(Pt) | , () | , , |
(Sc) | , () | , , , |
(Ma) | , () | , , , |
(Si) | , () | , , |
MMPI 1989 . MMPI-2, (567), , . , , , , . . MMPI-2 .
|
|
MMPI : . , ( ), , . , , ( ) MMPI, , . , ( - ). .
MMPI , (Kunce, Anderson, 1984). , , , (Dahlstrom et al., 1975). MMPI . (Dahlstrom, 1980).
|
|
MMPI , , , ; , (Butcher, Keller, 1984). , , (Taylor, 1953), (Jackson, 1974) (Gough, 1987). , , MMPI 125 , (Butcher, 1984).
. . : , , . , , , , , . , . , , . , . , .
, , , . , , (Kleinmuntz, 1982).
, , . , , . , , - , , (Furnham, 1990). , , , , , . , , , , , . , .
, . , MMPI , , , . , , . , : , . .
, . , , . , , , ; , .
. ( MMPI) , , . . , (Crowne, Marlowe, 1964) . . , , .
, , . , , , . , ( MMPI). - , , . , . , . , , .
.
. , . , , . . (Frank, 1939) , , , . , , , , . , ( ) , . . . , . , , , . , , .
. (Lindzey, 1939):
1. , . : (Rapaport et al., 1968) (Rorschach, 1942).
2. , -. , (Morgan, Murray, 1935) , .
3. , . (, , ...). (Rosenzweig, 1945) (Rotter, Rafferty, 1950).
4. , . , . (Machover, 1949), , .
< , .>
5. , , . , (Szondi, 1944) , , . .
, , .
, . , .
, , 1921 . (Sweeney et al., 1987). . , , (. 2-4). -, . 18 x 24 . . . : , . ( ), , , . , (: , ). , . , , , .
. 2-4. , , . , . (Lisa Brusso)
, . , , , . , , , , : ? . , . , (, , , ). .
(Beck, 1945; Klopfer, Davidson, 1962; Piotrowski, 1957). , , . , (Klopfer, Davidson, 1962):
1. , , .
2. (, , , , ), . , , , , .
3. : , , , - . , , , , , .
4. / , . , , .
. , . . , . ( , , ) .
? (Anastasi, 1988; Gamble, 1972; Kendall, Norton-Ford, 1982). , , (Peterson, 1978). , . , . , .
, . (Exner, 1978, 1986). , , , . , (Holtzman, 1988). , , .
. (Exner, 1986), - , . , , . , , , (Lubin et al., 1985).
. , . , , , . , , . -, , , .
, , , . , , , . : , (Goldfried et al., 1971; Exner, 1986).
. , . , , .
, : (Aiken, 1984; Peterson, 1978). . , , , .
, , , , , (Singer, Kolligian, 1987). , , .
.
. , , , , . .
. , . .
, . , -, - .
, , . , . , . ( ) , -: , , , , , . , , , . , , , / .
. , , . , . . -1 ( ) +1 ( ). . , , . , , , . . , .
- , , . (, ) . , ( ) . . , . . , . , . , , . , , , , .
, . . , , , , . (, , ) . , , . , .
, , . , .
, , . , , . : ( ) ( ). , , . , , .
. , .
. , .
: , , . . ; . , , . , , ( ), ( ).
, , . . . , , , .
.
1. ?
2. . ?
3. , .
4. ? , , ?
5. , . , ?
6. .
.
(Artifact). He , (, , ).
(Validity). , , , .
(Hypothesis). , .
(Divergent validity). , , .
(Naturalistic observation). , .
(Dependent variable). , , . , .
(Convergent validity). , .
(Construct validity). , ; , , .
(Control group). , , . .
(Correlational method). , ( ).
(Correlation coefficient). , . , . , .
(Case study method). , .
(Self-report techniques). , , .
(Multidimensional tests). , (, MMPI).
(Acquiescence). , .
(Reliability). () ( ). . .
(Independent variable). , () . , - .
(Single-trait tests). , (, ).
(Assessment). , .
(Informed consent). , , , , , , .
(Predictive validity). - .
(Projective techniques). , , , ; .
() (Operational definition). , , . , .
(Random assignment). , , . , .
(Content validity). .
(Social desirability). .
(Standartization). .
(Structured interview). , ( ), ( ) , . , .
(Concurrent validity). , .
(Test norms). (, , ).
(Demand characteristics). , . .
(Basic research). , , .
(Experimental group). , .
(Experimental method). , , , () .
(Empirical test). , , . .
.
Aiken L. R. (1984). Psychological testing and assessment (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
American Psychological Association (1981). Ethical principles of psychologists. American Psychologist, 36, 633-638.
Anastasi A. (1988). Psychological testing (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Aronson E., Brewer M., Carlsmith J. M. (1985). Experimentation in social psychology. In G. Lindzey, E. Aronson (Eds.). Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1). New York: Random House.
Baumrind D. (1985). Research using intentional deception: Ethical issues revisited. American Psychologist, 40, 165-174.
Beck A. T. (1982). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row.
Beck S. J. (1945). Rorschach's test: Basic processes (Vol. 1). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Berkowitz L., Donnerstein E. (1982). External validity is more than skin deep. American Psychologist, 37, 245-257.
Butcher J. N. (1984). Current developments in MMPI use: An international perspective. In J. N. Butcher, C. D. Spielberger (Eds.). Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 4). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Butcher J. N., Keller L. S. (1984). Objective personality assessment. In G. Goldstein, M. Hersen (Eds.). Handbook of psychological assessment. New York: Pergamon Press.
Campbell D. ., Fiske D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
Carlson R. (1984). What's social about social psychology? Where's the person in personality research? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1304-1309.
Carver C. S., Scheier M. F. (1987). The blind men and the elephant: Selective examination of the public-private literature gives rise to a faulty perception. Journal of Personality, 55, 524-541.
Cattell R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin.
Christensen L. (1988). Deception in psychological research: When is its use justified? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 664-675.
Crabtree . (1985). Multiple man: Explorations in possession and multiple personality. New York: Praeger.
Cronbach L. J., Meehl P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281-302.
Crowne D. P., Marlowe D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: Wiley.
Dahlstrom W. G. (1980). Screening for emotional fitness: The Jersey City case. In W. G. Dahlstrom, L. E. Dahlstrom (Eds.). Basic readings on the MMPI: A new selection on personality measurement. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dahlstrom W. G., Welsh G. S., Dahlstrom L. E. (1975). An MMPI handbook (Vol. 2). Research applications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Duke M. P. (1986). Personality science: A proposal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 382-385.
Elliott G. R., Eisdorfer C. (Eds.) (1982). Stress and human health: Analysis and implications of research. New York: Springer.
Eron L. D. (1987). The development of aggressive behavior from the perspective of a developing behaviorism. American Psychologist, 42, 435-442.
Exner J. E. (1978). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (Vol. 2). Current research and advanced interpretation. New York: Wiley.
Exner J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (Vol. 1). Basic foundations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Fenigstein A. (1987). On the nature of public and private self-consciousness. Journal of Personality, 55, 543-553.
Fenigstein A., Scheier M. F., Buss A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
Frank L. K. (1939). Projective methods for the study of personality. Journal of Personality, 8, 389-413.
Freedman J. L. (1988). Television violence and aggression: What the evidence shows. In S. Oskamp (Ed.). Applied social psychology annual (Vol. 8, pp. 144-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Friedman H. S., Booth-Kelley S. (1987). The disease-prone personality: A metaanalytic view of the construct. American Psychologist, 42, 539-555.
Furnham A. (1990). Faking personality questionnaires: Fabricating different profiles for different purposes. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 9, 46-55.
Gamble K. R. (1972). The HIT: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 172-194.
Goldfried M. R., Strieker G., Weiner I. B. (1971). Rorschach handbook of clinical and research applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Gough H. G. (1987). The California Psychological Inventory administrator's guide. Palo Alto, A: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Hargadon F. (1981). Tests and college admissions. American Psychologist, 36, 1112-1119.
Hathaway S. R., McKinley J. C. (1943). Manual for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Holtzman W. H. (1988). Beyond the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 578-609.
Huston A. C., Wright J. C. (1982). Effects of communication media on children. In . . Kopp, J. . Krakow (Eds.). The child: Development in a social context. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Jackson D. N. (1974). Jackson Personality Inventory Manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
Jemmott J. ., Locke S. E. (1984). Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: How much do we know? Psychological Bulletin, 95, 78-100.
Kazdin A. E. (1982). The token economy: A decade later. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 431-445.
Kendall P. C., Norton-Ford J. (1982). Clinical psychology. New York: Wiley.
Kleinmuntz . (1982). Personality and psychological assessment. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Klopfer ., Davidson H. H. (1962). The Rorschach technique: An introductory manual. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Kunce J. T., Anderson W. P. (1984). Perspectives on uses of the MMPI in non-psychiatric settings. In P. McReynolds, G. J. Chelune (Eds.). Advances in psychological assessment (Vol. 6, pp. 41-76). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lewis D. O., Pincus J. H., Feldman M., Jackson L., Bard B. (1986). Psychiatric, neurological, and psychoeducational characteristics of fifteen death-row inmates in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 838-845.
Lindzey G. (1959). On the classification of projective techniques. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 158-168.
London M., Bray D. W. (1980). Ethical issues in testing and evaluation for personnel decisions. American Psychologist, 35, 890-901.
Lubin ., Larsen R. M., Matarazzo J. D., Seever M. (1985). Psychological test usage patterns in five professional settings. American Psychologist, 40, 857-861.
Machover K. (1949). Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Malat