, - .
, , .
- , , , , , , , , .
, , ', , , () . ' . , , , ' .
, , , , .
.
1.
.
, , ', .
: .
, , .
, .
, , ; , , ; , ; , .
.
, ': (. 1.1).
. 1.1.
, , ' '. , , . , . - - .
|
|
:
) :
Y = + . , ;
) : = S, , , .
(. 1.2.):
) : , (, 䳿), , (, ). , , , ' , , . , , ;
) , . , , 쳿 . , ;
) , . , , . г . - , , - , .
. 1.2.
, , .
.
, , . ( , ) ' :
) ;
) ;
) .
, , , .
г , , .
, . .
, , .
|
|
³ , , , .
' ', . ' ' , . ' '.
1.
, , 䳿:
) 810 . .;
) 135 . .; 105 . .; 45 . .; 30 . .; 30 . .;
) 360 . .; 30 . .; - 195 . .; 90 . .; -12 . .; 195 . .;
) 7 . .; 120 . .
':
³ | Գ | ||||
Գ | - | 360 + 90 = 450 | 195+12 = 207 | ||
30+105 +45 = 180 | 30+ 135 = 165 | - | |||
195 30 = 165 | - | - | |||
- |
2.
. 㳿 . (). .
, . , , . ().
, . ʳ , , . , , .
: , ( ) ( ).
= Σ ( - ) + ( - ), (2.1)
;
;
;
䳿;
2. ( ):
= + Ig + G + Xn, (2.2.)
C - consumption , . ()
g investment gross ;
G government purchases ;
Xn , (Xn = XP IM)
|
|
(g) :
Ig = In + m, (2.3)
In - , , ;
, , .
3. ( ):
= W + R + + + m + T, (2.4)
W , , , , .
R , , , .
, .
, , , . : , , ,
m .
T , (, , ).
, , , . , , , .
() , (m);
=-m (2.5)
() . ³ .
= - (2.6)
= W + R + + (2.7)
.
() - , , ( ).
= + TR (2.8)
;
TR .
, . ³ ():
DI = ҳ, (2.9)
. ( , , .).
ϳ :
DI = C + S (2.10)
³ : (GN) (GNDI).
, , , , , , :
GN = + YL YM, (2.11)
YL , - ;
YM , .
GNDI , - , , :
GNDI = GN + TrL TrM, (2.12)
TrL , - ;
TrM , .
.
|
|
, , , . , . , (Yn) (Y). , (, , ), . () , . - , . , (, ) , (Ip). .
, :
Y = (Yn / Ip) × 100% (2.13)
1.
( . .) :
- 4,0;
- 16,2;
- 7,0;
- 2,6;
- 1,1;
- 2,8;
- 7,9;
- 77,2;
- 1,4;
- 0,2;
- 8,5.
':
) ( 2.2):
=+g+G+n
(77,2), (16,2), (8,5), (1,1).
=77,2+16,2+8,5+1,1=103.
(), (), ():
= - Am;
= 103 7,9=95,1;
= - IT;
= 95,1 7,0 = 88,1;
= - - - + TR;
= 88,1 - 0,2 - 2,8 -1,4 + 4 = 87,7.
:
DI = 87,7 - 2,6 = 85,1.
2.
1.1 .
2.1
, . . | |
³ | |
':
ᒺ (, , , ):
= + Ig + G + Xn,
=280+55+100+25 = 460 (..).
, . (2.4):
= W + R + + + m + T
=203+20+10+99+48+23+17+(55 40)+25 = 460 (..);
= .
3.
600 . .; 105 . .; 50 . .; 5 . .; 340 . .; 90 . .; 7 . .; 15 . .; 8 ..; 12 . .; 9 ..; 6 ..
:
) ;
) ;
) .
':
) 2.3:
m =Ig In
m = 105 50 = 55 (. .)
, 2.5.:
=-m
= 600 55 = 545 (..)
2.6.:
= -
= 545 5 = 540 (. .)
|
|
) ( 2.2.):
= + Ig + G + Xn
Xn = - - Ig - G
Xn = 600 340 105 90 = 65 (..)
) 2.8.:
= + TR,
= 540 7 8 12 +15 = 528 (. .)
ϳ ( 2.9.):
DI = .
DI = 528 9 6 = 513 (. .)
ϳ . :
S = DI C
S = 513 340 = 173 (. .)
4.
, 2006 . 198 . ., ( ) 118 %.
2006 ., , 139,75 . ., 112 %.
':
2005 . 2.13. :
= =124,78 (. .)
2006 . :
= =167,8 (. .)
:
= =34,5%
π= =5,36 %
5.
, , =600, = 80, = 390, = 30, = 140.
³: = 550, Xn = -10.
6.
, , 7000 10% 7%. ?
³: = 7196,26; = 7398,03; .
7.
: = 2500 ., 12%, 15%.
³: 3220 .
8.
( ): = 550; = 80; = 75; = 220; = 26; = 18; = 30; = 240; = 205. :
) ;
) ;
) .
³: ) 396 (. .);
) 140 (. .);
) 61 ..
3. ֲ
(L), . (W) .
. . , , .
, . , . . , , . , . , . ' (U) (π) Գ (. .3.1).
π
|
π2 U2
U
.3.1. Գ.
Գ , U2 U1 π1 π2. Գ, :
1) : ;
2) ;
3) , , ( ) .
. . .
%
100
25
10
0 40 75 100 %
.3.2.
, , 5% 5% , 25% 25% . . . , , .
: , , . , , ; , . .
г , .
(R - resources) : (F).
R = L + F (3.1)
(L) L (labor - )
- F (free - )
г (u) (u - unemployment - ) (F) , (R):
u = ×100% (3.2)
:
u*= uf + us (3.3)
, .
.
. () , : 1 %, 2,5 %. .
, () . .
Ya Yp:
Δy = (u u*)×2,5 (3.4)
Δy ( );
u u* ;
2,5 .
- Yp
Yp = ×100 (3.5)
Ya .
Ya Yp, :
ΔY = Ya Yp (3.6)
ΔY .
1.
, . 3.1, Գ .
3.1
г , % | ||||||||||||
, % | -2 | -3 | -4 |
:
) Գ;
) Գ,
, ;
) Գ,
;
) Գ, ;
) Գ ?
:
Գ :
) .
) (u* = 6 %) , .
) ϳ , .
) ³, , .
) Գ .
2.
: Y=56N 4N2; = 0,7Y; I=80 6; MD = 0,8Y + 240 2; wS =20 + N. 256 . .
:
1) ;
2) ' , , , 25 . .?
:
:
Y/ = wD
wD =56 8N
:
56 8N = 20 + N=> N* =4.
2) , :
56 - 8N = 25;
N*=3,9.
' : 4 3,9 = 0,1.
г , . 㳿:
Y= 56×3,9 4× 3,92 = 157,56.
S= 0,3×157,56 = 47,27.
:
47,27 = 80 6 => = 5,46;
256/=0,8×157,56 + 240 2 ×5,46 => = 0,72.
3.
50 . ; 12 . 16 , 2 . - , ; 15 . (, , ); 3 . ; 1 . , . :
) ;
) .
':
: 50 12 2 15 = 21 . .
г :
u = ×100 = ×100 = 14,29%.
. , .
4.
6%, 9%. :
) , 2,5;
) 600 . ., , ?
':
) . Ya Yp 3.4.:
Δy = (u u*)×2,5
, :
Δy = (9 6)×2,5 = 7,5%.
, 7,5%.
) Yp 3.5.:
Yp = *100,
: 3.6.:
ΔY = Ya - Yp
, :
Yp= = 648,6 (. .)
ΔY= 600 648,6= - 48,6 (. .)
, , 48,6 . .
5.
: 9 %, 2 %, 4 %.
³: - 7,5 %.
6.
: 200 . , 135 %, 4 %.
.
³: - 16,46 . .
4.
. , , , .
(AD), , . ̳ , 䒺 . ( , ) .
(AS) . .
: . .4.1 4.2.
. 4.1. . 4.2.
. , ' . , , , , , ; . . . Yp, . : . AS , .
' . . , , . , , , .
, , Yp, , , , . , . : , , . AS , .
, , , . . , , , . , , . .
. . , .
1.
: AS Y=2800, AS = 1, AD Y=3,5× , = 800. ³ , 1,4, Y=2500.
Y , , AD ;
:
Y=2800, = 1, , AD, AS, AS (. 4.3.). ϳ 1,4 AS , , AD (AS).
. 4.3. " "
, AD =1. :
Y=3,5× = 2000.
, , , (Y=2000; =1,4).
AS Y=2500. AD Y:
2500=3,5× , =1,2
: Y=2500, =1,12.
2.
. 4.4 . D1 D2.
a) ?
) ? ?
) 25 % ( 3), ?
. 4.4. " "
:
D1 D2 :
) ;
) ;
) 150 .. 0,6.
3.
. 3.5 D.
1. , 140 . ?
2. , 0,5?
:
1. г 1,0.
2. г 240 ..
. 4.5. " "
4.
, (Y*). .
" ", :
) ;
) .
:
( P0 = nst;) = , (Y1 < Y*) (. 4.6, a).
= , (Y1 < Y*) (0 > P1) (. 4.6,).
ֳ .
5.
D S , ( . , ):
Y | ||||||
1,4 | 1,0 | 0,7 | 0,5 | 0,3 | 0,28 |
:
0,45 | 0,76 | 1,11 | 1,52 | 1,98 | 2,5 |
. 4.6. " ":
; .
6.
(. 4.1).
4.1
г (), | (Y), . |
2,5 | |
2,25 | |
2,15 | |
2,0 | |
1,8 | |
1,7 | |
1,5 | |
1,25 | |
1,25 | |
1,25 |
1. (Y) () S?
2. Y S?
3. S?
7.
. 4.2 4.3 S D1, D2 D3 ( ).
.
4.2
г , | , . |
2,50 | |
2,25 | |
2,00 | |
1,75 | |
1,50 | |
1,25 | |
1,25 | |
1,25 |
4.3
г , % | , , . | ||
1- | 2- | 3- | |
5.
. () : s=(M/P)s, Md = (M/P)d. , , .
. ' :
0 = ( );
1= 0 + + ;
2 = Ml + ;
= 2 + 볺 .
, . .
. ³ .
, , ().
:
MD= P×Q/v (5.1)
MD , ; P - ; Q ; v .
:
MD = /v (5.2)
.
(MD) . .
. , , ᒺ , :
MD = L(Y,i) = kY hi (5.3)
, k h .
, :
n = ( / ) × 100, (5.4)
. .
. (D) :
rr = R/D (5.5)
(), :
= D R (5.6)
, , (md). :
md = 1/rr (5.7)
, , :
∆MS= ∆D × md (5.8)
, , .
, , :
MS = MB +D (5.9)
MB .
, , , . :
, , .
(cr) :
cr = MB/D (5.10)
MB = cr × D.
(H) ( ):
H = MB + R (5.11)
:
∆MS= ∆ × mm (5.12)
mm , :
mm = (1+cr)/(rr+cr) (5.13)
. , , cr = 0, .
1.
220 . . 950 . . ' 20%. , ?
':
20% ' Rr :
Rr= 950 × 0,2=190 (. .).
:
R = 220-190 = 30 (. .).
, ( 5.7, 5. 8):
∆MS= ∆D × md,
md = 1/rr,
∆MS = 30 × 1/0,2 = 150 (. .).
, 30 . . , 150 . .
2.
20%. 5% . 100 . . ?
':
20% ' Rr :
Rr= 100 × 0,2 = 20 (. .).
:
R = 100 × 0,05 = 5 (. .).
:
20 + 5 = 25 (. .).
:
100 25 = 75 (. .).
3.
:
= 300 + 0,8Y,
= 200 1500R,
Xn = 100 0,04Y 500R,
Md = (0,5Y 2000R) × P
, G = 200; t = 0,2; = 550; = 1, .
':
IS, LM.
IS , :
Y = C + Ig + G + Xn
Y = 300 + 0,8(Y 0,2Y) + 200 1500R + 200 + 100 0,04Y -500R
ϳ :
Y = 2000 - 5000R → IS.
LM , :
=0,5Y 2000R
= 0,5Y 2000R
ϳ :
Y = 1100 + 4000R → LM.
Y IS LM:
2000 5000R = 1100 + 4000R, R:
900 = 9000R; R=0,1, 10% → .
ϳ Y:
Y = 1100 + 4000×0,1 = 1100 + 400 = 1500.
4.
. IS-LM, , , .
':
, IS IS1 (1). (2). , LM LM1 (3). Y1 Y2 (4).
5.
, , 500 . . .
, , 0,25, - 0,1.
³: 140,06