1. He made a lot of pie-in-the-sky promises that I knew he wouldn't keep.
2. The actors gave a very run-of-the-mill performance, and the critics expressed their disapproval in their reports the following day.
3. We went to a number of out-of-the-way places that few tourists had visited before.
4. My good-for-nothing brother just sat in front of the TV while I did all the ironing.
5. He lived a hand-to-mouth existence, surviving on just a few pounds a week.
6. Behind-the-scenes negotiations were going on between the diplomats, away from the public eye.
7. She stayed quite calm and spoke in a matter-of-fact way about the attack.
UNIT V.
THE CASE OF NOUNS. ADJECTIVIZED NOUNS.
V.1. GRAMMAR POINT
One of the grammatical categories of nouns is case.
Case is the form of the noun built up by means of ending, which shows the relation of the noun to the other words in the sentence.
English nouns have TWO case forms the common case & the possessive case (the genitive case).
ITS CURIOUS. In the earlier stages English had a more developed system of cases. In Old English there were the following four cases: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative. When a noun was used a subjected of a sentence, it was in the nominative case, the indirect object was in the dative; certain adverbial relations were indicated by means of the accusative case, while others required the genitive. But in the course of time the original nominative, dative and accusative merged into one form with no ending, the common case, except some pronouns which have still preserved distinct forms for nominative and objective. In Modern English there are two cases left and some of the meanings expressed in other languages by means of cases are rendered with the help of prepositions and the fixed word order.
Nouns in the common case in English are characterized by no ending.
e.g. a girl, a boy, a garden, a tree, etc.
The common case of nouns has a very general and indefinite meaning. The noun in the common case may have various functions in the sentence, which are defined syntactically by means of word order and prepositions.
Here are the main examples of case-relations expressed by means of prepositions in English.
| Russian | Preposition | English |
| (? ?) (? ?) (? ?) (? ?) (? ?) ( ? ?) | of to by with about of | This boy reads well. The lesson begins at 9 o'clock. The book of the librarian is on the table. He gave this book to Mary. The teacher asked the boy many questions. This article is written by the professor. I write with a fountain-pen. I'm fond of reading about animals. She spoke of art, literature and music. |
THE POSSESSIVE CASE.
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The possessive case represents in Modern English the Old English genitive case but it is much narrower in its meaning and function and cannot render all the meanings of the genitive case.
The possessive case expresses possession with various shades of meaning depending on the lexical meaning of the words & restricted chiefly to nouns denoting living beings. Its syntactical function is exclusively that of an attribute.
e.g. The teachers desk is in the middle of the class-room.
With nouns denoting inanimate things and abstract nouns the possessive case relation is rendered by the of -phrase.
e.g. The roof of this house is new.
The possessive case is formed by means of the suffix s or the apostrophe alone.
The suffix s is pronounced:
[z] after voiced consonants and vowels: girls, boys;
[s] after voiceless consonants: students, wifes;
[iz] after sibilants: princes, judges.
The noun in the possessive case precedes the noun which it modifies.
e.g. the childs toys
The possessive case suffix s is added:
1) to the stem of the noun in the singular;
e.g. the pupils exercise
the actresss voice
the childs mother
2) to the stem of plural nouns not ending in s;
e.g. mens work
womens clothes
childrens room
3) proper names ending in s can take s or the apostrophe alone ;
e.g. Mr. Joness / Mr. Jones house
Yeatss / Yeats poems
In both cases suffix is pronounced [iz].
4) with compounds, the last word takes the s;
e.g. his sister-in-laws car
her mother-in-laws jewellery
the editor-in-chiefs orders
5) names consisting of several words also take the s;
e.g. Henry the Eighths wives;
the Prince of Waless helicopter
6) s can be added to the initials;
e.g. the VIPs escort
the MPs decision
The apostrophe alone is added to:
1) plural nouns ending in s;
e.g. the students hostel
the eagles nest
2) classical proper names;
e.g. Pythagoras Theorem
Archimedes Law
Sophocles Plays
