data transfer rate, Scheduling the requests, memory access, distributed system, collection of processors, share memory, peripheral devices, communication-network design, consider routing and connection strategies, problems of contention and security, multiple users, concurrent execution of multiple processes, various processes, refer to mechanism, subsystem hides, peculiarities of specific hardware devices, primary storage, secondary storage, cache storage, to be referenced by a running program, to accommodate all data and programs, will eventually be accessed, a fixed number of bytes, addresses available, free space available, allocation of storage space.
IV. Which word is different? Part of speech. Make up three more word lines.
1. accommodate, get used to, adapt, adjust, become accustomed to, familiarize, acclimatize, acclimate, manager;
2. modify, adapt, adjust, alter, change, amend, vary, transform, revise, refashion, rework, modifier;
3. allocate, assign, allot, distribute, deal, give, hand out, allocation, earmark, divide up, share out;
Task 2 Can you translate and explain? Let’s do it!
I. Do you remember the meaning of the following words? Fill in the table.
| verb | translation | noun | adjective | synonym | |
| 1. | to access | ||||
| 2. | to accommodate | ||||
| 3. | to allocate | ||||
| 4. | to assign | ||||
| 5. | to avoid | ||||
| 6. | to collect | ||||
| 7. | to collect | ||||
| 8. | to define | ||||
| 9. | to distribute | ||||
| 10. | to encapsulate | ||||
| 11. | to execute | ||||
| 12. | to gain | ||||
| 13. | to handle | ||||
| 14. | to hide | ||||
| 15. | to manage | ||||
| 16. | to modify | ||||
| 17. | to range | ||||
| 18. | to relate | ||||
| 19. | to resume | ||||
| 20. | to schedule | ||||
| 21. | to separate | ||||
| 22. | to share | ||||
| 23. | to suspend |
II. Which word is different? Synonyms.
1. collect, disperse, gather, amass, assemble, accumulate, bring together, pull together;
2. resume, recommence, start again, begin again, pick up where you left off, restart, take up again, continue, carry on, stop, return, return, go back, reoccupy, take up again;
3. avoid, prevent, forestall, preclude, avert, promote;
4. suspend, interrupt, check, break off, adjourn, resume, hold, stop, quit, halt;
5. separate, unite, divide, part, disconnect, undo, split, split up, break up, take apart, detach;
6. encapsulate, sum up, expand, summarize, put in a nutshell, condense, capture, compress.
III. Find the meaning of the following words.
| 1.b | to handle | a | to share smth. out; to divide smth. into classes |
| 2. | to distribute | b | to operate smth.; to take charge of smth. |
| 3. | to execute | c | to gather things in one place |
| 4. | to range | d | to handle and keep control of smth. |
| 5. | to manage | e | to deal with number of things, to classify smth. |
| 6. | to collect | f | to express smth. in compressed form |
| 7. | to encapsulate | g | to perform action; to run a computer file or program in response to a command or instruction |
IV. Guess the word. The meaning is given to you.
1. the right or ability to log on to a computer system or use a computer program –
2. to understand and respond favorably to smth.; to have connection with smth. –
3. to designate a value for a computer memory location corresponding to a named variable –
4. to prevent smth. from becoming known –
5. to let smb. to use smth –
6. to plan smth. for a particular time –
7. to grow or increase or acquire more of smth.-
V. Choose the core word.
command: command alias, command argument, command flags, command line, command line interpreter, command option, command substitution.
Task 3 Can you read and understand? Let’s try!
I. a) Read the following text, draw in your notebook and complete the table by filling the columns with the underlined words according to the part of speech they are in the text and by forming all possible parts of speech. The example is given.
| verb | translation | noun | adjective/ adverb | synonym |
| to effect | впливати, ефективно | effect | effectively | efficiently,successfully, well |
B) Study the text, give your own title to it, and prepare your own presentation.
Even though, not all systems have the same structure many modern operating systems share the same goal of supporting the following types of system components.
Process Management
The operating system manages many kinds of activities ranging from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated in a process. A process includes the complete execution context (code, data, PC, registers, OS resources in use etc.).
It is important to note that a process is not a program. A process is only ONE instant of a program in execution. There are many processes can be running the same program. The five major activities of an operating system in regard to process management are:
Creation and deletion of user and system processes.
Suspension and resumption of processes.
A mechanism for process synchronization.
A mechanism for process communication.
A mechanism for deadlock handling.
Main-Memory Management
Primary-Memory or Main-Memory is a large array of words or bytes. Each word or byte has its own address. Main-memory provides storage that can be access directly by the CPU. That is to say for a program to be executed, it must in the main memory.
The major activities of an operating in regard to memory-management are:
Keep track of which part of memory are currently being used and by whom.
Decide which process is load ed into memory when memory space becomes available.
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
File Management
A file is a collected of related information defined by its creator. Computer can store files on the disk (secondary storage), which provide long term storage. Some examples of storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, and data transfer rate and access methods.
A file system is normally organized into directories to ease their use. These directories may contain files and other directions.
The five main major activities of an operating system in regard to file management are
The creation and deletion of files.
The creation and deletion of directions.
The support of primitives for manipulating files and directions.
The mapping of files onto secondary storage.
The back up of files on stable storage media.
I/O System Management
I/O subsystem hides the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user. Only the device driver knows the peculiarities of the specific device to which it is assigned.
