legal owner
legal activities ,
A Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.
| 1 legal activities | a | |
| 2 legal address | b | |
| 3legal advice | c | |
| 4legal age | d | |
| 5legal costs | e | |
| 6 legal decision | f | |
| 7 legal document | g | |
| 8legal entity | h | |
| 9legal ethics | i | |
| 10legal expert | j | , |
| 11legal history | k | |
| 12legal language | l | |
| 13legal owner | m | |
| 14legal procedure | n | |
| 15legal protection | o | |
| 16legal rights | p | |
| 17legal status | q | |
| 18of legal force | r | |
| 19to enjoy ones legal rights | s | |
| 20to enter the legal profession | t | ; |
B Find in the text the following words and phrases and translate them into Russian.
| declarers | unenacted | predominant | |||
| aspect | law reports | legislative enactment | |||
| solemnity | formal enactments | sale of goods | |||
| misleading | set | casts | |||
| enacted | codified | statutes | |||
| whether reduced to writing or not | preponderate over | wholesale codification |
C Match each word or phrase on the left to the correct definition on the right for groups given below.
Example: issues are questions or matters
Answer: Group I: a/2
Group I
| words or phrases | definitions | ||
| a | issues | legal actions or sets of legal circumstances | |
| b | grounded | questions, matters | |
| c | actualities | legal action | |
| d | litigation | real conditions or facts | |
| e | cases | based |
Group II
| words or phrases | definitions | ||
| a | code | put into a code (adjective) | |
| b | codification | a person who forms theories | |
| c | encoded | a written set or collection of laws | |
| d | theorist | modification by judges for a particular purpose | |
| e | judicial adaptation | the act of making into a code |
Group III
| words or phrases | definitions | ||
| a | restatements | different from each other | |
| b | jurists | law based on judicial precedent | |
| c | case-law | declarations or statements in a new form | |
| d | approach to | experts in law, especially legal writers | |
| e | divergent | method of dealing with |
Group IV
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|
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| words or phrases | definitions | ||
| a | salient feature | reach the same decision as | |
| b | binding case | striking or especially important characteristic | |
| c | hierarchical | case containing principles which a court must apply to similar facts in a later case | |
| d | follow | heard, judged (in a court of law) | |
| e | tried | classified into higher and lower grades or levels |
D Match these sources of law with the description below.
|
1) ________, which evolved in the 8th century BC, was still largely a blend of custom and interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods. 2) ________ evolved from the tribal and local laws in England. It began with common customs, but over time it involved the courts in law-making that was responsible to changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced the rules laid down by earlier societies. 3) ________ formed the basis of all Israelite legislation. They can also be found in the laws of other ancient peoples. 4) ________ refers to the entire body of French law, contained in five codes dealing with civil, commercial, and criminal law.
E Are the following sentences about the sources of law true or false?
1 The Ten Commandments are based on moral standards of behaviour.
2 In common law, judges resolve disputes by referring to statutory principles arrived at in advance.
3 Roman law is based on the principles of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes by legislative bodies.
4 The Napoleonic Code was introduced into a number of European countries, notably Belgium, where it is still in force. It also became the model for the civil codes of Quebec Province in Canada, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, some Latin American republics, and the state of Louisiana.
F Complete the following passage to check that you have understood the text so far and can use the new vocabulary. For each blank space choose the correct word from the list below. Use each word once only.
The Importance of Legislation as a Source in English and Continental Law
In many 1) continental countries much of the law is 2) ________. For this reason there is more written, or 3) ________ law than 4) ________ law. In contrast, there is no general code of 5) ________ law. Still, 6) ________ is common, and many areas of law, e.g. 7) ________ are codified, but 8) ________ is the main source of the law.
Choose from:
a partnership b enacted c Continental d unwritten
e English f judicial precedent g legislation h codified
G Decide where you think some of the following pieces of information belong in the table. Copy and complete the table.
A civil law/common law
B central importance of enacted law/central importance of precedent
C inductive/decisions reached by reasoning from general rules to particular cases/reasoning in individual cases leads to general rules/deductive
D principles are flexible/principles are based on real facts/in time fixed principles may not correspond to changing circumstances/principles develop in individual cases/general enacted principles are applied to individual cases.
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E original source of principles may be case-law, custom, etc./inferior courts must follow decisions of superior courts/central position of judges.
| English law | Continental law | ||
| A | Type of legal system | ||
| B | Basic characteristic of system | ||
| C | Style of legal reasoning | ||
| D | Legal principles | ||
| E | Other characteristics |
Over to you
Use your own knowledge and information from the text to compare the following:
codification of law on the Continent and in England
codification of law in your country and in England
written sources of law on the Continent and in your country
written sources of law in your country and in England
unwritten sources of law in England and in your country
Examples
Many continental countries have codified their law, whereas this has not happened in England. In fact, only some areas of English law, such as the sale of goods, are codified.
In England most of the law is unwritten and the same is true in my country. In fact the principal sources of law in the legal system in my country are
Write your comparisons down.
