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English for ESP Students

 

- 2012

811.111(075.8)

81.432.1-923

64

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64 English for ESP Students: - / : .. , .. , .. , .. ; . .. . - 㳺, 2012. 264 c.

 

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CONTENTS

Part I. Topics in Discourse Encountered with

Situations.. 6

Education 6

Religion 10

Mass Media: The Press.... 17

Mass Media: Radio and TV.. 21

Computers. 25

Drugs.... 30

The Theatre... 35

Films..... 40

Music.... 43

Art. 46

Part II. Generic Job-Related Areas...... 50

Effective Application... 58

The Layout of English Business Letters ..... 68

Job Interview.... 84

Part III. Some Glimpses on English-Speaking

Countries. 97

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.. 97

The USA ....... 109

Australia..... 119

New Zealand... 134

Part IV. English-ukrainian Phrase Clippings

in ntext... 144

Post Office...... 144

Hotel....... 155

Bank and Bank Services..... 165

Passport Control and Customs.... 176

Business Glossary ... 186

 

 


Part I. Topics in Discourse Encountered with Situations

Education

Primary education in state schools:

While education for pre-school children in nursery schools is voluntary, compalsory schooling obliges British children of school age (between 5 and 16) to attend a primary school before proceeding to secondary school at eleven. The American equivalent for children between 6 and 12 is elementary school. In both countries formal education at this level stresses basic skills like the '3 Rs'.

A day at a British secondary school:

Pupils at a day school leave home in time to reach school by nine o'clock for morning assembly in the school hall, after which the first period begins. In the course of the morning and afternoon the teachers give lessons in the various subjects on the curriculum, e.g. English language and literature, maths, a foreign language, social studies, music, art, science (physics, biology and chemistry), history, geography, PE (physical education) etc. The school day ends between 3 and 4 pm, when all pupils except boarders in public schools can go home.

Many pupils are involved in extra-curricular activities like acting or singing in the school choir.

A year at a British secondary school:

After the summer holidays the first term begins and work starts on the year's syllabus. The topics, texts and subjects to be studied vary according to which stream pupils at comprehensive schools have been placed in. Tests are given regularly so that continuous assessment can be made of a pupil's performance. Written and oral examinations must be taken/sat. A wide range of non-academic subjects is also offered: CDT (craft, design, technology), information technology, metalwork, homeeconomics, carpentry etc. At the end of the third term, just before school breaks up for the summer holidays, pupils receive their school reports with their marks.

School-leaving examinations in Britain:

Pupils not interested in an academic career may decide to leave school at about 16, after completing the fifth form. They have a better chance of finding employment in commerce and industry, for which they have been prepared by vocational guidance and vocational training, if they have passed the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). This examination has replaced both the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) and the General Certificate of Education (GCE) O (Ordinary) level.

Academically-minded pupils may, after passing this lower-level exam, choose to spend two years in the sixth form and specialize in the subjects for which they show an aptitude. Those who make the grade by passing two (or more) A (Advanced) levels have qualified for entrance to university or other institutions of higher education.

Tertiary education:

After passing their A levels (or, in the USA, obtaining their high school diploma), those people wishing to continue their education at university or college level enroll at a university or other institution of higher (= tertiary) education, which awards diplomas or degrees in a wide variety of fields such as medicine, law, economics, computer science etc. Some universities in Britain and the USA enjoy particular prestige, e.g. Oxbridge (Oxford and Cambridge) or the American 'Ivy League' universities like Harvard, Princeton and Yale, all of which can afford to select only those students with the best grades.

Many students live on the campus, especially first-year and second-year students (US: freshmen and sophomores), while third-year and fourth-year students (US: juniors and seniors) usually rent rooms or flats elsewhere. In Britain, after three years of study undergraduates who have successfully participated in seminars and tutorials and attended lectures sit their examinations. Those who pass are awarded a bachelor's degree in Arts (B.A.), Science (B.Sc.) etc, depending on what subjects they have majored in. After graduating they may choose to devote an additional year to studying for a master's degree (MA., M.Sc. etc.), which often includes writing a thesis. They may then do postgraduate research and write a dissertation for a doctorate or a doctor's degree (Ph.D. etc.).

Topical issues in education:

- the threat of a possible decline in educational standards,

- a growth in violence at inner-city schools, especially in the USA,

- the problem of drug abuse and drug addiction in US schools,

- the tendency of more and more pupils to drop out of school,

- an increase in truancy,

- a teacher shortage in some subjects, a surplus in other subjects,

- a chronic shortage of money invested by the state in its schools, in laboratories, books, equipment etc.

nursery school [´nɜ:s(ǝ)rɪ] [sku:l]

compulsory schooling [kǝm´pʌls(ǝ)rɪ]

to attend [ǝ´tend]

primary school (BE) [´praɪm(ǝ)rɪ]

secondary school [´sekǝnd(ǝ)rɪ]

elementary school (AE) [ˏelɪ´ment(ǝ)rɪ]

the 'three Rs' (reading, [´rɪ:dɪŋ] [´raɪtɪŋ] ,

writing and arithmetic) [ˏærɪθ´metɪk]

day school [´deɪsku:l]

assembly [ǝ´semblɪ]

school hall [hͻ:l]

period [´pɪ(ǝ)rɪǝd]

subject [´sʌbdʒɪkt] ,

curriculum [kǝ´rɪkjυlǝm]

social studies [´sǝυʃ(ǝ)l] [´stʌdɪ]

boarder [´bͻ:dǝ]

public school [´pʌblɪk]

extra-curricular [´ekstrǝ] [kǝ´rɪkjυlǝ]

to act [ækt]

choir [´kwaɪǝ] ,

term [tɜ:m]

syllabus [´sɪlǝbǝs] ;

stream [stri:m]

comprehensive school [ˏkɒmprɪ´hensɪv]

assessment [ǝ´sesmǝnt]

performance [pǝ´fͻ:mǝns]

oral [´ͻ:rǝl]

to sit an examination [ɪɡˏzæmɪ´neɪʃ(ǝ)n]

craft [krɑ:ft]

information technology [ˏɪnfǝ´meɪʃ(ǝ)n]

[tek´nɒlǝdlǝdʒɪ]

metalwork [´metlwɜ:k]

home economics [hǝυm] [ˏekǝ´nɒmɪks] (

)

carpentry [´kɑ:pɪntrɪ]

to break up [´breɪkʌp] , ,

school report [sku:l] [rɪ´pͻ:t]

mark (BE) [mɑ:k]

career [kǝ´rɪǝ] ,

form [fͻ:m]

vocational guidance [vǝυ´keɪʃ(ǝ)nǝl]

[´ɡaɪd(ǝ)ns]

vocational training [´vǝυ´keɪʃ(ǝ)nǝl] ,

[´treɪnɪŋ] .-.

aptitude [´æptɪtu:d] ;

to make the grade [ɡreɪd]

to pass (an examination) [pɑ:s]

tertiary [´tɜ:ʃɪ(ǝ)rɪ]

to enroll [ɪn´rǝυl]

to award [ǝ´wͻ:d] ()

degree [dɪ´ɡrɪ:] ,

economics [ˏekǝ´nɒmɪks] ()

computer science [kǝm´pju:tǝ] [´saɪǝns]

( )

prestige [pre´sti:ʒ] ,

grade (AE) [ɡreɪd]

campus [´kæmpǝs]

undergraduate [´ʌndǝˏɡrædʒυɪt]

tutorial [tju:´tͻ:rɪǝl]

lecture [´lektʃǝ]

to major in [´meɪdʒǝ]

to graduate [´ɡrædjυeɪt] (. )

thesis [´θi:sɪs]

postgraduate research [ˏpǝυst´ɡrædjυɪt]

dissertation [ˏdɪsǝ´teɪʃ(ǝ)n]

doctorate [´dɒkt(ǝ)reɪt]

doctor's degree [dɪ´ɡrɪ:]

drug abuse [drʌɡ] [ǝ´bju:s]

to drop out [´drɒp´aυt]

truancy [´tru:ǝnsɪ]

shortage [´ʃͻ:tɪdʒ] ,

surplus [´sɜ:plǝs]

to invest [ɪn´vest]

laboratory [lǝ´bɒrǝtrɪ]

 

Religion

Basic information:

There are hundreds of millions of Christians in the world, most of them in ' Europe and North and South America. Catholicism and Protestantism have won many adherents in the Third World, where large numbers of heathens, i.e. those who do not believe in one of the chief religions like Judaism, Hinduism, Islam orChristianity, have been converted to Christianity by missionaries. Today, however, the number of people actually practicing their Christian faith is on the decline, so that the mainline churches are losing more and more members of their congregations.

In Britain and the US, where nobody may be discriminated against on religious grounds, complete freedom of religious persuasion and expression is regarded as a basic human right to be enjoyed by every citizen. Similarly, as there is no obligation to believe in God, unbelievers such as atheists and agnostics are in no way excluded from full participation in national life. Religious tolerance in Britain is also extended to the millions of coloured immigrants, including Muslims/Moslems from Pakistan, Hindus from India and Rastafarians from Jamaica etc.

Anglicanism is the established religion in England, so that the Church of England, the Anglican Church, is the established Church. It separated from the Roman (Catholic) Church in the 16th century, when King Henry VIII rejected the supremacy of the Pope and dissolved the monasteries. Although the monarch is the head of the Anglican Church and although monarchs are traditionally crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Westminster Abbey, Anglicanism does not play a role comparable to that of Islam in the Arab countries; it is not an official state religion.

While the main denomination in Scotland and Northern Ireland is Presbyterianism, many citizens of the UK, e.g. Methodists and Baptists, are members of other Protestant Nonconformist denominations. The only real exception to peaceful religious co-existence is the sectarian strife between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Elsewhere in the UK the positive effects of the ecumenical movement are plainly visible.

In the US, where religion has a greater influence on social life, there is even more religious pluralism than in Britain. While Roman Catholics constitute the largest single denomination in the US, there is also a wide variety of free and independent Protestant Churches: Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Quakers, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Mormons, Adventists etc. Groups like the Evangelicals place particular emphasis on Scripture (especially the Gospel) and faith in Christ rather than on ritual and ceremony. Revival meetings organized by evangelists in search of converts and often broadcast on TV are also a common feature of religious life in the US.

Freedom of religion has attracted innumerable immigrants to North America since the 17th century, many of them victims of religious persecution in their native countries in Europe. Thus, for example, the millions of Jewsliving in the US have found a haven in which they can practise their Jewish faith in temples and synagogues under the spiritual guidance of their rabbis without having to fear the excesses of radical anti-Semitism.





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