The Prince of Wales is the title which is given to the kings (queens) eldest son when he becomes 18. The origin of this title goes back to the time of Edward I. When Edward I destroyed Welsh independence in the war of 1282 -1283, he created an unwritten law making the eldest son of an English king the Prince of Wales. The kings son inherits the title of Prince of Wales at a special ceremony and automatically is pronounced king when the old king dies. Hence we have the saying: The king is dead, long live the king!
Since 1337 the kings eldest son has been bom the Duke of Cornwall. Cornwall was a Celtic territory created by Edward in who gave his eldest son the Black Prince that title.
Thus the eldest Kings son has been bom the Duke of Cornwall and at the age of 18 receives the title of Prince of Wales, a Regent is appointed to rule the country until the Duke reaches the age of 18.
This tradition still lives though it is not quite popular in Wales.
* Everyday British things
You often hear the things below mentioned in Britain. Do you know what they are? Match them with their explanations (right).
1. The Independent
2. 10 Downing Street
3. Mr Blair
4. The House of Commons
5. Coronation Street
6. The City
7. MP
8. bobby
9. Big Ben
a. the financial centre of London
b. the primary parliamentary chamber
c. a national daily newspaper
d. the Prime Ministers residence in London
e. the Clock Tower in London
f. the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
g. a Member of the House of Commons
h. a British policeman
i. British most popular television
programme, a long-running drama about the lives of neighbours in a town in northern England.
Unit 2
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
What is the general election? A general election is when the electors in the country cast their vote for the candidate from the political party of their choice to be the Member of Parliament for the constituency. The political party which wins the most seats in the House of Commons forms the Government. This is different from a by-election which occurs when a Member dies, retires or is disqualified, and voting takes place only in the constituency without a Member, not throughout the country.
Fair and free elections are an essential part of democracy, allowing the majority of citizens to determine how they want the country to be governed.
The results of the last general election in the United Kingdom were:
| 1 May 1997 | |
| Labour (including speaker) | |
| Conservative | |
| Liberal Democrats | |
| Ulster Unionist Party | |
| Scottish National Party | |
| Plaid Cymru (the Welsh National Party) | |
| Social-Democratic and Labour Party | |
| Democratic Unionist Party | |
| Sinn Fein (the Catholic Northern Irish Party) | |
| United Kingdom Unionist | |
| Independent | |
| Total | |
| Labour majority | |
| Turnout | 71,5% |
| Female MPs elected |
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What is a constituency? The United Kingdom is divided into areas which are known as constituencies. You live in a constituency and will register to vote there. You have one vote which you cast for the person who you wish to represent you in Parliament. Through this you also vote for the party which you wish to be in Government. There are 659 constituencies in the United Kingdom.
How often are there general elections? The time between general elections is 5 years. There were 8 years between elections at the time of the First World War and 10 years at the time of the Second World War. About the month before the election the Prime Minister meets a small group of close advisers to discuss the date which would best suit the party. The date is announced to the Cabinet. The Prime Minister formally asks the Sovereign to dissolve Parliament.
General elections are usually held 17 days after the dissolution of Parliament. Thursdays are popular general election days. General elections are often held in either spring or autumn.
What happens on polling day? Each constituency is divided into a number of polling districts, each of which has a polling station. Most polling stations are in public buildings such as schools, town halls or council offices. Voting takes place on election day from 07.00 till 22.00 in each constituency. Voters are sent a polling card in advance. Voting is by secret ballot, and the only people allowed in the polling station are the presiding officer, the polling clerks, the duty police officer, the candidates, their election agents and the voters.
Just before the poll opens, the presiding officer shows the ballot boxes to those at the polling station to prove that they are empty. The boxes are then locked and sealed.
Voting takes place in a booth. The voter marks the ballot paper with a cross in the box opposite the name of the candidate of his or her choice, and folds the paper to conceal the vote before placing it in the ballot box.
The results from each constituency are announced as soon as the votes have been counted, usually the same night. The national result is known by the next morning.
What happens when all of the results are known? When all of the results are known the Queen will usually invite the leader of the party winning the most seats in the House of Commons to be Prime Minister and to form a Government. The Prime Minister will appoint approximately 100 of his MPs to become Cabinet or more junior ministers to form the Government. The second largest party becomes the Official Opposition with a small group of its MPs being chosen to form the Shadow Cabinet. Its leader is known as the Leader of the Opposition. A date will then be announced for the State Opening of Parliament, when the Monarch will officially open the new Parliament.
The House of Lords is unelected Chamber so is not involved in the electoral process. It closes when Parliament dissolves and reassembles for the State Opening of Parliament.
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WORDS AND PHRASES
Elector [i′lektə] -
to cast ones vote [ka:st] -
choice [t∫ois] -
by-election ['bai i,lek∫n] - to retire [ri'taia] - voting [′vouting] - citizen fs ltizn] -
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to represent [,repri′zent] - ,
adviser [əd′vaizə] - ,
to dissolve [di′zolv] - ( )
polling day [′poulingdei] -
poll [poul] -
ballot box [′bælətboks] -
booth [bu:d] -
voter [′voutə] -
to conceal [kən′si:l] - ,
to appoint [a′point] -
Shadow Cabinet [′∫ædou′kæbinit] - ( , )
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks:
1. In the United Kingdom general elections are held every... years.
2. The country is divided into 659....
3. The political party which wins the most seats in the... forms the Government.
4. By-elections are held when an... dies or retires.
5. A Member of Parliament is elected... each area.
6. Local... are set up in schools and halls.
7. Voting takes place throughout... day.
8. In the polling... the voter marks a cross by one name, then puts the paper into the... box.
9. Voting takes place on Polling Day, usually a....
10. When all of the results are known the Queen will usually invite the leader of the party winning the most seats in the House of Commons to be... and to form....
11. The second largest party becomes the....
2. Read the following sentences and decide if they are true or false:
1. The British government is elected for up to five years.
2. The Queen chooses the date of the next general election.
3. The place where people go to vote in an election is called a polling station.
4. The political party which wins the most seats in the House of Lords forms the Government.
5. The United Kingdom is divided into areas which are known as constituencies.
6. Each constituency is divided into a number of polling districts.
7. The Queen appoints MPs to become Cabinet.
8. The Prime Minister opens the new Parliament.
9. The House of Lords is an unelected Chamber.
10. The voters put their votes in a ballot box.
3. Find words and expressions in the text which mean:
1. an election in the whole country to elect a new Parliament;
2. an area of the UK for which a representative is elected to the House of Commons;
3. voting at an election;
4. a group formed from the leaders of the Parliamentary Opposition, i.e. those who might form a new Cabinet if there is a change of government after a general election;
5. a locked box where in ballots are deposited;
6. the place where people go to vote in an election;
