By Adrian Michaels, Aug 2009
Britain and the rest of the European Union are ignoring a demographictimebomb: a recent rush into the EU by migrants, including millions of Muslims, will change the continent beyondrecognition over the next two decades, and almost no policy-makers are talking about a loomingcrisis. The numbers are startling. Only 3.2 per cent of Spain's population was foreign-born in 1998. In 2007 it was 13.4 per cent. Europe's Muslim population has more than doubled in the past 30 years and will have doubled again by 2015. In Brussels, the top seven baby boys' names recently were Mohamed, Adam, Rayan, Ayoub, Mehdi, Amine and Hamza.
Europe's low white birth rate, coupled with faster multiplying migrants, will change fundamentally what we take to mean by European culture and society. The altered population mix has far-reaching implications for education, housing, welfare, labour, the arts and everything in between. It can have a critical impact on foreign policy. Yet EU officials admit that these issues are not receiving the attention they deserve. Jerome Vignon, the director for employment and social affairs at the European Commission, said that the focus of those running the EU had been on asylum seekers and the control of migration rather than the integration of those already in the bloc. "It has certainly been underestimated there is a general rhetoric that social integration of migrants should be given as much importance as monitoring the inflowofmigrants." But, he said, the rhetoric had rarely led to policy.
The countries of the EU have long histories of welcoming migrants, but in recent years two significant trends have emerged. Migrants have come increasingly from outside developed economies, and they have come in accelerating numbers.
The growing Muslim population is of particular interest. This is not because Muslims are the only immigrants coming into the EU in large numbers; there are plenty of entrants from all points of the compass. But Muslims represent a particular set of issues beyond the fact that atrocities have been committed in the West in the name of Islam. America's Pew Research Center said in a report: "These [EU] countries possess deep historical, cultural, religious and linguistic traditions. Injecting hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of people who look, speak and act differently into these settings often makes for a difficult social fit."
How dramatic are the population changes? Everyone is aware that certain neighbourhoods of certain cities in Europe are becoming more Muslim, and that the change is gathering pace. But raw details are hard to come by as the data is sensitive: many countries in the EU do not collect population statistics by religion.
EU numbers on general immigration tell a story on their own. In the latter years of the 20th century, the 27 countries of the EU attracted half a million more people a year than left. "Since 2002, however," the latest EU report says, "net migration into the EU has roughly tripled to between 1.6 million and two million people per year." The increased pace has made a nonsense of previous forecasts. In 2004 the EU thought its population would decline by 16 million by 2050. Now it thinks it will increase by 10 million by 2060. Britain is expected to become the most populous EU country by 2060, with 77 million inhabitants. Italy's population was expected to fall precipitously; now it is predicted to stay flat. According to the US's Migration Policy Institute, residents of Muslim faith will account for more than 20 per cent of the EU population by 2050 but already do so in a number of cities. Whites will be in a minority in Birmingham by 2026 and even sooner in Leicester. Another forecast holds that Muslims could outnumber non-Muslims in France and perhaps in all of Western Europe by mid-century. Projectedgrowthrates are a disputed area. Birth rates can be difficult to predict and migrant numbers can ebb and flow, of course.
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Recent polls have tended to show that the feared radicalisation of Europe's Muslims has not occurred. That gives hope that the newcomers will integrate successfully. Nonetheless, second and third generations of Muslims show signs of being harder to integrate than their parents. Policy Exchange, a British study group, found that more than 70 per cent of Muslims over 55 felt that they had as much in common with non-Muslims as Muslims. But this fell to 62 per cent of 16-24 year-olds. The EU says employment rates for non-EU nationals are lower than for nationals, which holds back economic advancement and integration. One important reason for this is a lack of language skills. Overall in 2008, 14.4 per cent of children in primary schools had a language other than English as their first language.
The population changes are stirringunease on the ground. Europeans often tell pollsters that they have had enough immigration, but politicians largely avoid debate. France banned the wearing of the hijab veil in schools and stopped the wearing of large crosses and the yarmulke too, so making it harder to argue that the law was aimed solely at Muslims. Muslims, who are a hugely diverse group, have so far shown little inclination to organise politically on lines of race or religion. But that does not mean their voices are being ignored. Germany started to reform its voting laws 10 years ago, granting certain franchise rights to the large Turkish population. Britain has strengthened its laws on religious hatred. But these are generally isolated pieces of legislation.
Into the void has stepped a resurgent group of extreme-Right political parties, among them the British National Party, which gained two seats at recent elections to the European Parliament. Geert Wilders, the Dutch politician who speaks against Islam and was banned this year from entering Britain, has led opinion polls in Holland. The fact that extreme parties have risen to prominence at all speaks poorly about the state and quality of the immigration debate. European elites have yet to fully grapple with the broader issues of race and identity surrounding Muslims and other groups. The starting point should be greater discussion of integration. Does it matter at all? Yes! Without it, polarisation and ghettoes can result. Without it, every new influx of immigrants will exacerbate tensions and hinder assimilation.
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Demography will force politicians to confront these issues sooner rather than later. Recently, some have started to sparkoff the debate. Angel Gurría, the OECD secretary-general, said in June: "Migration is not a tap that can be turned on and off at will. We need fair and effective migration and integration policies; policies that work and adjust to both good economic times and bad ones."
COMPREHENSION ASSIGNMENTS
A. In pairs, discuss how you understand the clauses/sentences below. If still in doubt, discuss them as a class.
1. In Brussels, the top seven baby boys' names recently were Mohamed, Adam, Rayan, Ayoub, Mehdi, Amine and Hamza.
2. Injecting hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of people who look, speak and act differently into these settings often makes for a difficult social fit.
3. The population changes are stirringunease on the ground.
4. Into the void has stepped a resurgent group of extreme-Right political parties
5. European elites have yet to fully grapple with the broader issues of race and identity surrounding Muslims and other groups.
6. Migration is not a tap that can be turned on and off at will.
B. Answer the questions on the text.
1. Why and in what way has the ethnic structure of European countries changed in the last few decades?
2. How has migration into the EU countries affected population numbers?
3. What are projections for the future?
4. What is special about Muslim immigrants?
5. What trend has been revealed in the integration pattern of Muslims into Western society?
6. What sentiments do the population changes stir in the local population?
7. What is the reason for the rise of extreme nationalist parties in European countries?
8. What should immigration policy in Europe focus on?
Speak Up
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Do you think the Islamisation of Europe is really happening? If so, does it pose a threat to Western civilization?
2. What measures, in your view, should be taken by national governments and the EU leadership to make it easier for Muslim immigrants integrate into European society?
FOLLOW-UP
A. Make a three-minute statement on
a) migration processes in Europe and elsewhere
b) immigration issues in the USA, Russia, other countries of your choice
c) illegal immigration and ways to deal with it.
B.* Compile a list of Topical Vocabulary necessary to speak on the issue (to be shared in class).
Vocabulary Practice 1
Ex.1. Suggest Russian equivalents for these word combinations, reproduce the context in which they are used in the text.
1. a demographic time bomb
2. to change beyond recognition
3. a looming crisis
4. a general rhetoric
5. inflow of migrants // influx of immigrants
6. plenty of entrants from all points of the compass
7. the most populous EU country
8. outnumber non-Muslims
9. projected growth rates
10. to stir unease
11. exacerbate tensions
12. hinder assimilation
13. spark off the debate
Ex.2. Continue the strings of collocations, translate them. Make up a sentence with one collocation from each list.
1. a looming crisis, __________, __________, _________
2. projected growth rates, ___________, ___________, __________
3. to exacerbate tensions, ____________, ___________, ___________
4. hinder assimilation, ____________, ___________, ___________, ___________
5. to spark off a debate, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________
6. to stir unease, ______________, ________________, _____________, ____________
Ex.3. Fill in the gaps with the words from Ex. 1 and Ex. 2.
1. The __inflex / inflow_______ of immigrants appears likely to _exace________ _________ between some minority groups, particularly blacks, and immigrants.
2. Over the last 50 years the population has _________ _________ ________ so that these days the tag "Leicester born and bred" applies to people whose parents have settled here from all corners of the world.
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3. A _______ _________ _________ is a potential crisis situation in most countries characterized by an increasing number of older people dependent on pension schemes.
4. If Afghanistan's growth rate remained the same (the country's ________ growth rate for 2025 is a mere 2.3%), then the population of 30 million would become 60 million in 2020.
5. Bishop Dr. Zac Niringiye has warned of a _______ _________ in Uganda if the population growth rate is not drastically reduced.
6. David Cameron has announced that he would abolish the climate change tax, but he has still not put forward a concrete alternative. This is yet another example of more empty ________ from the Tories.
7. The bill is starting to ___stir unease____ _________, because it requires private organizations to make decisions that conflict with their deeply held beliefs.
8. In fact, demographers say this year could be the "tipping point" when the number of babies born to minorities ________ that of babies born to whites.
9. As Spain plunged into recession in 2009 the __influx_______ of immigrants has slowed drastically and many foreign nationals have returned to their home countries after losing their jobs.
10. The United States began negotiations with Poland and the Czech Republic to install a radar and missile interceptors, angering Russia and __stering unease_____ _______ in some European countries.
11. While the prolonged recession has led to a certain slowing of the influx of foreign _________ in Japan, the number of foreign residents in Japan has continued to increase.
12. India will become the most _________ country overtaking China by 2050, the United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA) has projected.
13. A landmark speech by Javier Solana was set to _________ the debate on future relations between the US and the EU after the huge damage created by the American-led preventative war against Iraq.
14. We are fighting against discriminations such as school segregation and covert racism in jobs that _________ ___________ of our group into the society.
Reading 2
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
1. What do you know about the consequences of Chinas one-child policy?
2. Can you guess from the title what issue the article below deals with?
Skim the article to find out if you guessed correctly.
