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Grammar: The Verb. Tenses.
Vocabulary: My family. Relations between people generation gap.
1.Tense consolidation: Present Tenses.
Present simple.
Present continuous (progressive).
Present perfect simple.
Contrast with past simple.
Present perfect continuous.
Contrasts with present perfect simple.
Time expressions with present tenses.
2.Tense consolidation: Future Forms.
Future simple.
Be going / present continuous.
Future continuous.
Future perfect / perfect continuous.
Other ways of referring to the future.
3.Tense consolidation: Past Tenses.
Past simple.
Past continuous.
Past perfect simple and continuous.
Used to and would.
Unfulfilled past events.
- English Grammar in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997
(pp 2-48).
- Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000
( 2-32).
- Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, .. , , 2002 (pp 39-42).
- The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heinemann, 1992 ( 7-51).
- Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, .. , . . , . . , , 2002 (pp 50-56).
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1. www.longman-elt.com
2. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
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Grammar
| Tense consolidation: PRESENT TENSES | ||
| 1. Present Simple | Facts that are always true , Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The Earth goes around the sun. 2. Habits Every morning I drink tea. 3. States You got me angry. 4. Declarations (Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs) I hope you'll be able to stand the test. I bet you don't know the answer! I know you live in this street. 5. Headlines (`telegram` style) Present continuous. 6. Instructions and itineraries (travel arrangements) First you relax after work. First you clean up the room. On day three we visit London. 7. Dramatic narratives and sport commentaries Pavlichenko hit the ball, kick a goal. | |
| 2.Present continuous (progressive) | 1.Temporary situations: I'm staying at my aunt for a week Are yon enjoying your stay here? My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days. 2. Changing or developing situations: he is put more stronger. Things are getting worse! 3. Actions happening at the moment of speaking: The cat is sleeping on mezzanine! 4. Actions happening around the moment of speaking: I'm learning to speak English correctly I am reading a new novel by Remark. 5.Complaints about bad habits (frequently repeated actions with always, continually, forever and constantly, expressing annoyance or criticism): I hate when he asking me about something stupid! 6. Fixed arrangements in the near future: I am leaving for Moscow next month. Don is seeing his boss today. | |
| 3. State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, own, prefer, understand, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, smell, think, weigh Jack is noisy. Jill is being noisy. Dana has a Porsche. We are having an interesting conversation! I think I like you! David is thinking about getting a new job. This fish tastes awful! I am just tasting the soup. I feel that you are wrong. I am feeling terrible. This bag weighs a ton! We are weighing the baby. It depends what you mean. I am depending on you. | ||
| 4. Present perfect simple | 1. Recently completed events, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just.( , . .) I've picked up my keys. I've just seen a ghost! 2. Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is given.( , . .) (up to the present) 3. Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present( , ) I found treasure (that's why I'm rich) 4. Personal experiences with state verbs, a state that lasts up to the present or has happened. I have learned to drive a car this year. | |
| 5. Contrasts with the past simple The Past simple is used with time expressions, which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Ive bought a new car. (indefinite) I bought a new car last week. (definite) I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about) | ||
| 6. Present perfect continuous | 1. A state, which lasts up to the present moment (, ) I've riding behind you as much as 2 hours. 2. An incomplete activity ( ) I've been starting doing homework, and still she is busy. 3. To emphasize duration ( ) I've been doing homework all day. 4. A recently finished activity ( ) I've been doing homework. That's why I'm tired. 5. A repeated activity I've been taking English lessons from my aunt in this year. | |
| 7. Contrasts with the present perfect simple There may be little contrast when some state verbs are used. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (sit, lie, wait, and stay) prefer the continuous form. Completed: emphasis on achievement I 've ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete, recently completed: emphasis on duration I've been ironing my shirts this morning. | ||
| 8. Time expressions with tenses: Indefinite: yesterday, last week, on Sunday, often, every day\year\month, usually, always, twice a week, daily, monthly Perfect: since 1968, already, yet, lately, so far, just, since, by 5 oclock, (for past: after, before, when) Continuous: from 3 till 6, all day long, for months, during the day, at the moment Perfect Continuous: since, for, all this year\day, all (my) life, during the 20th century, for centuries\ years Many time expressions are not associated with a specific tense. I haven't seen Helen recently. I saw Jim recently. | ||
| Tense consolidation: FUTURE FORMS | ||
| 1. Future Simple | 1.Decisions taken at the moment of speaking I like this dress. Ill take it. 2. The form of an assumption, hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, predictions, requests, comments etc, esp. with: expect, hope, believe, Im sure, Im afraid, probably I hope hell like his birthday present. That'll be Jim at the door. 3. Actions or predictions which may (not) happen in the future, or we can not control them and they will definitely happen The baby will be born after Christmas. She will probably win. He will come to see us at the end of the month. | |
| 2. Be going \ to present continuous | 1. Actions intended to be performed in the near future Im going to buy some new clothes next week. 2. Planned actions or intentions Now that shes rich, shes going to travel round the world. 3. Evidence that something will definitely happen in the near future It looks like the plane is going to take off now. I think Im going to be sick. | |
| 3. Future continuous | 1. This describes an event, which will be happening at a future point. Come round in the morning. I'll be painting the kitchen. 2. It can also describe events, which are going to happen anyway, rather than events, which we choose to make happen. I won't bother to fix a time to see you, because I'll be calling into the office anyway. 3. Future continuous also sounds more polite than will. Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you get me some potatoes? 4. It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summer. 5.Actions, which are a result of a routine. I will be going to the bank tomorrow. I go there every Friday. | |
| 4. Future perfect / perfect continuous | 1. Actions finished before a stated future time: They will have finished the work by June 2. This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time, which we look back at from a future point. In two years' time 1' ll have finished this book. By the end of the month, I'll have been working for this firm for a year. 3. It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You won't have heard the news, of course. (I assume you have not heard the news.) | |
| 5. Other ways of referring to the future 5.1 Is /are to be This is used to describe formal arrangements. All students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00. 5.2 Be about to, be on the point of, be due to Be about to and be on the point - both refer to the next moment. I think the play is about to start now. Mary is on the point of resigning. 5.3 Be due to refers to scheduled times. The play is due to start in five minutes. Ann's flight is due at 6.20. 5.4 Present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasized. When we've had a rest, we'll go out. Present simple is also used to describe fixed events, which are not simply the wishes of the speaker. Tom retires in three years. Similarly, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on a Tuesday next year. 5.5 Hope This can be followed by either present or future tenses. I hope it doesnt rain. I hope it won't rain. 5.6 Think, believe, expect, doubt Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference. I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win. 5.7 Just/just about to Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening. Hurry up! The tram is just leaving\ just about to leave. 5.8 Shall is used for first person in future and possibly declining in use. We also use shall to ask politely: Shall I open the window? | ||
| Tense consolidation: PAST TENSES | ||
| 1. Past simple | 1.Completed actions, happed one after the other , I lied on bed, then read the book, then fell asleep. 2. Habits Every day I drink a mug tea. 3. States In those days, I didnt like swimming. 4.Actions happed at a stated past time 4.Actions happed He was buying new car last month 5.Completed past actions not connected to the present Completed , Michelangelo wrote many beautiful pictures. Mozart was a well-known pianist at the age of 10. | |
| 2. Past continuous | 1. Actions in progress (interrupted by events) I was drinking my coffee at the time. When i was looking TV, the door opened. 2. Background description in narrative I arrived at airport and looked around. All people are waited their aircraft. 2. Changing states 3. Every day, his business became better and better. 4. Repeated actions criticism. With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance. - . When i had in Spain, i always forgot, something to take from my room. | |
| 3. Past perfect simple and continuous | 1. An event in the past which happens before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this clear. , , , . By the time I got to airport, but the aircraft soared The train left five minutes before I got to the station. 2. Past perfect continuous (progressive). Past Continuous . The contrasts between past simple and past continuous can be made in past perfect tenses for events further back in the past. I had been dreaming, when Jimmy came home. 3 Past perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. There must be another past event, less far away in the past, with which it contrasts. . , , . She sad that she had met him before on holidays at the seaside. He very happy, that he had met here before on holidays. | |
| 4. Used to and would | 1. Used to often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. I used to go swimming a lot (but I don't now). The negative form is either: I didn 't use to or I used not to 2. Would is used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity, which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Used to would also be possible here. Compare: I used to like cowboy films | |
| 5. Unfulfilled past events | These describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen. I was going to phone you, but I forgot. Jack was to have taken part, but befell ill. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else. | |
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Vocabulary
1. Study the important vocabulary:
1.1 Intellectual ability
Ability: intelligent, bright, clever, smart, shrewd, able, gifted, talented
Lacking ability: stupid, foolish, half-witted, simple, silly, brainless, daft, dumb
Clever, in a negative way: cunning, crafty, sly
1.2 Attitudes towards life: optimistic, pessimistic, extroverted, introverted, relaxed, tense, sensible, down-to-earth, sensitive
1.3 Attitudes towards other people: sociable, gregarious, quarrelsome, argumentative, cruel, sadistic, easy-going, even-tempered, impolite, rude, ill mannered, discourteous, honest, trustworthy, reliable, sincere, jealous, envious
One person's meat is another person's poison
1.4 Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view:
| determined thrifty/economical self assured assertive original frank/direct/open broad minded inquiring generous innocent ambitious | obstinate, stubborn, pig headed miserly, mean, tight fisted self-important, arrogant, full of oneself aggressive, bossy (colloquial) peculiar, weird, eccentric, odd blunt, abrupt, brusque, curt unprincipled, permissive inquisitive, nosy (colloquial) extravagant naive pushy (colloquial) |
Types of relationships
friendship: best friend - good friend - friend - acquaintance
work: close colleague - colleague/workmate
marriage: wife/husband/partner, fiancée, husband-/wife-to-be
love/romance: lover - steady boy/girlfriend
compounds: classmate, shipmate, workmate, flat mate, and workmate
Phrases and idioms for relationships
to get on well with each other - to have a good relationship
don't see eye to eye - to argue/disagree
to fall out with - to have arguments
to brake up / split up
to have an affair with his boss
to respect the old
to make it up - to be friends again
to be smbs senior (I'm senior to her).
4. Linking and not linking someone:
| Core verb | Positive | Negative |
| Like | Love, adore, worship, idolize | Dislike, hate, cant stand, loathe |
| Respect | Look up to, admire | Look down on, despise |
| Attract | Turn sb. on | Repel, turn sb. off |
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Grammar
