1. How long is the Channel Tunnel, one of the worlds most famous tunnels?
2. What does this link consists of?
3. What sort of service does the Channel Tunnel allow?
4. Why was the tunnel construction delayed almost for 200 years?
5. What types of trains travel through the tunnel?
6. What made the tunnel engineers slow down their progress?
Exercises:
1) Match the given words with their definitions:
Maintaining, shuttle train, overall cost, freight train, safety system, access, high speed train, oversized
| designed to operate at a rapid moving | |
| travels back and forth at regular intervals over a particular route | |
| a railroad train consisting of goods, cargo, or lading | |
| a size larger than the proper or usual size | |
| includes everything | |
| free from the risk of self-damage or injury to people and property | |
| to keep in an appropriate condition, operation | |
| the ability, right, or permission to approach, enter or use |
Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and combinations.
Emergency escape route, emergency vehicles, central escape tunnel, offer a special shuttle service, although safety is a top priority, to allay concerns, scene of an accident, the most amazing engineering feats, set an example worth following,
Match the English equivalents to the following Russian words and combinations.
| , | readily available |
| accommodate vehicles | |
| construction progress | |
| smoothing the way | |
| authorized agent | |
| geological irregularity | |
| chalk marl | |
| sturdy construction | |
Put the given verbs into the correct tense forms. Pay attention on time words.
(To link) is the process of collecting and combining various pieces of code and data into a single file. Lately we .. (to face) the act of terrorism. What the business managers needed . (to run) their departments, divisions, and corporations effectively. Tunnel corps and other businesses . (employ) large numbers of specialists for future projects. War . (to break out) in 1941. The building work .. (to be carried out) by a local contractor. The element (to fail) due to critical corrosive wear-after. System error 5.. (to occur), access is denied. The described design (to withstand) emergency temperature up to 250 C. that completely meets modem requirements to the equipment. A tunnel boring machine can. (to bore) through anything from hard rock to sand. Phil.. (access) to the Japanese networks there, he knew everything about it.
Translate the sentences below from Russian into English in writing.
-, , 50 500 . . Eurotunnel Shuttle.
|
|
|
, . , , 100 200 .
- 1802, - . , 1988, , 1994. - . , , .
References:http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/tunnel4.htm
Unit 4. Tunnel Jobs.
Vocabulary.
Maintaining -
surveyor -
ironworker - ; -; -
cement mason -
construction crew -
take measurement -
figure the appropriate length, width, and height - ,
attempt to predict -
potential hazards -
mudslide -
rock fall
is deemed safe -
draw blueprints -
laborer -
estimate -
authorization -
begin scheduling -
site -
to supervise -
skilled laborer -
highly-trained -
explosive worker-
blaster -
final measurements -
exact quantity -
to displace rocks and soil -
metal fabricator -
to assemble -
to install -
cut, shape, and bend - , ,
specialized shops -
lift, weld, and bolt - , ,
rebar worker-
pour -
reinforced metal bars -
smooth finished panels -
maintenance of roads or railways -
smooth the ground -
pave road-
electrician-
to run power lines -
install lights -
a reliable structure -
extensive communication and cooperation -
Dozens of different professionals are involved in designing, building, and maintaining tunnel systems. Geologists, surveyors, civil engineers, ironworkers, cement masons, and construction crews generally put in hundreds of labor hours to ensure that a tunnel is safe, reliable, and well-maintained. Most tunnel jobs, especially those involving the construction and maintenance of structures, are city government positions, though private companies are frequently contracted to perform highly specialized work in the development of a new tunnel.
|
|
|
Urban geologists and surveyors take measurements and record information about the area where a tunnel is to be built. They figure the appropriate length, width, and height for a new tunnel, and attempt to predict the risk of potential hazards, such as mudslides, rock falls, earthquakes, and collapsed support systems. Geologists also make sure that the construction of a new tunnel will not disrupt ecosystems or inconvenience humans who reside in the area.
Once an area of land is deemed safe and initial measurements have been made, civil engineers get to work designing the structure. Professionals determine the exact size and shape of the new tunnel, draw blueprints, calculate the expected costs of materials and laborers, and estimate the time needed to complete construction. They present their designs to city government officials for authorization and begin scheduling the different phases of the building process. Many civil engineers spend significant amounts of time at the build site to supervise the construction of new tunnels.
Many different types of skilled laborers work in tunnel jobs that involve the actual building of new structures. Highly-trained explosive workers and blasters take final measurements and calculate the exact quantity of explosives needed to displace rocks and soil. They carefully place and detonate explosives to clear the way for construction crews. Ironworkers and metal fabricators assemble and install large beams, trusses, and columns to provide the basic framework for the tunnel. Some professionals cut, shape, and bend materials in specialized shops according to blueprints, and others lift, weld, and bolt them into place at the job site.
Professional cement masons and rebar workers hold very important tunnel jobs. They first create forms out of metal or wood to provide the framework for concrete panels and columns. Workers pour cement around reinforced metal bars in the forms and allow it to dry. Cement masons then clear any excess concrete and smooth finished panels.
Other tunnel jobs involve the construction and maintenance of roads or railways that travel through structures. Construction crews smooth the ground, pave roads, and paint lines, and electricians are contracted to run power lines and install lights. Building a reliable structure involves extensive communication and cooperation between professionals in all tunnel jobs.
Private companies are not contracted to perform their professionalism.
