the measured distance; the achieved results; the information obtained recently; the boy saved by his dog; the lecture delivered by a well-known professor; the research made in the laboratory; the letter sent to the firm; the force exerted upon a body; the vibration detected by the ear; the distance traveled by the body; the law predicted by this scientist; the electrons radiated from the atom.
IV. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences paying attention to the Participle II.
1. Asked about that event, he replied nothing.
2. I don’t like the book bought last week.
3. I remember well his words told at the meeting.
4. We are interested in the goods produced by this factory.
5. The letter written by him was very long.
6. The stolen things were returned to the owner.
7. She didn’t understand the words said by him.
8. I received some illustrated magazines.
9. A line seen through this crystal looks double.
V.Define the functions of the Participle II and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. The anti-electron, called positron was discovered in 1932.
2. The molecules of a substance affected by a catalyst are changed more easily.
3. Engineers found that the application of synthetic materials had greatly improved the quality of the product made.
4. The heat generated by the friction of the match on the box agitated the molecules in the tip of the match.
5. The temperature used depended upon the substances entering the reaction.
6. The experiments referred to in our article demonstrate the action of catalysts in chemical reactions.
7. The substance acted upon by heat changed its composition.
ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY
І. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:
physical phenomenon – фізичне явище
electric charge – електричний заряд
lightning – блискавка
static electricity – статична електрика
electromagnetic induction – електромагнітна індукція
to occur – відбуватися, траплятися
a property – властивість
а matter – матерія, речовина
electric current – електричний струм
to generate – породжувати
a vicinity – оточення
to soak – намочити
to rate – оцінити
a motion – рух
compressed spring – стиснута пружина
to release – звільнити
a substance – речовина
a pulley – шків, коловорот
а combustion – згоряння
a glycogen – глікоген
to spin – обертатися
а wire – дріт, провід
to induce – спонукати
radiant energy – енергія випромінювання
to emit – випромінювати
thereby – таким чином
binding – зв’язування
to fuse – плавити
fusion – плавлення, злиття
fission – розщеплення, поділ
a nuclear power plant – АЕС (атомна електростанція)
II. Form different parts of speech by adding to the words the affixes, given below, and translate them:
Affixes: -ment, -ive, -ing, -ty, -tion, -al, -ent, -ous, -ic, -ive, -ly, -ful, -or.
(model: to produce + tion = production)
To continue, science, to differ, to form, to understand, to determine, to add, direct, opposite, to travel, to effect, great, power, to alter, industry, to require, electric, to applicate, to invent.
III. Read and translate the text:
ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electrical current. In addition, electricity permits the creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves.
In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges. Electricity occurs due to several types of physics:
electric charge: a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields.
electric field: an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an electric charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric current). The electric field produces a force on other charges in its vicinity.
electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts.
electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
electromagnets: Moving charges produce a magnetic field. Electrical currents generate magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electrical currents.
In electrical engineering, electricity is used for:
electric power where electric current is used to energize equipment;
electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves.
Learning how to produce and use electricity was not easy. For a long time there was no dependable source of electricity for experiments. Finally, in 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, madea great discovery. He soakedpaper in salt water, placed zincand copper on opposite sidesof the paper, and watched thechemical reaction producean electric current. Volta hadcreated the first electric cell.By connecting many of thesecells together, Volta was ableto “string a current” and createa battery. It is in honour of Volta that we rate batteries in volts. Finally,a safe and dependable source of electricity was available, making iteasy for scientists to study electricity.
Energy is the ability to do. work. Work is done when a force is applied to an object over a distance. Any moving object has kinetic energy or energy of motion, and it thus can do work. Similarly, work has to be done on an object to change its kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of an object of mass m and speed v is given by the relation E = 1/2 mv2.
Sometimes energy can be stored and used at a later time. For example, a compressed spring and water held back by a dam both have the potential to do work. They are said to possess potential energy. When the spring or water is released its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and other forms of energy such as heat. The energy associated to the gravitational force near the surface of the earth is potential energy. Other forms of energy are really combinations of kinetic and potential energy. Chemical energy, for example, is the electrical potential energy stored in atoms. Heat energy is a combination of the potential and kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
FORMS OF ENERGY
Mechanical energy puts something in motion. It moves cars and lifts elevators. A machine uses mechanical energy to do work. The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic and potential energy. Levers, which need a fulcrum to operate, are the simplest type of machine. Wheels, pulleys and inclined planes are the basic elements of most machines.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in molecules and chemical compounds, and is found in food, wood, coal, petroleum and other fuels. When the chemical bonds are broken, either by combustion or other chemical reactions, the stored chemical energy is released in the form of heat or light. For example, muscle cells contain glycogen. When the muscle does work the glycogen is broken down into glucose. When the chemical energy in the glucose is transferred to the muscle fibers some of the energy goes into the surroundings as heat.
Electrical energy is produced when unbalanced forces between electrons and protons in atoms create moving electrons called electric currents. For example, when we spin a copper wire through the poles of a magnet we induce the motion of electrons in the wire and produce electricity. Electricity can be used to perform work such as lighting a bulb, heating a cooking element on a stove or powering a motor. Note that electricity is a "secondary" source of energy. That means other sources of energy are needed to produce electricity.
Radiant energy is carried by waves. Changes in the internal energy of particles cause the atoms to emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation which includes visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, infrared (IR) radiation, microwaves, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays. Electromagnetic radiation from the sun, particularly light, is of utmost importance in environmental systems because biogeochemical cycles and virtually all other processes on earth are driven by them.
Thermal energy or Heat energy is related to the motion or vibration of molecules in a substance. When a thermal system changes, heat flows in or out of the system. Heat energy flows from hot bodies to cold ones. Heat flow, like work, is an energy transfer. When heat flows into a substance it may increase the kinetic energy of the particles and thus elevate its temperature. Heat flow may also change the arrangement of the particles making up a substance by increasing their potential energy. This is what happens to water when it reaches a temperature of 100.C. The molecules of water move further away from each other, thereby changing the state of the water from a liquid to a gas. During the phase transition the temperature of the water does not change.
Nuclear Energy is energy that comes from the binding of the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of the atoms. It can be released from atoms in two different ways: nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, energy is released when atoms are split apart. Nuclear fission is used in nuclear power plants to produce electricity.
I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following:
Lighting a bulb, the binding of the protons, change the arrangement of the particles, induce the motion, electromagnetic fields, near the surface of the earth, potential energy, nuclear fusion, sources of energy, motion of electrons.
II. Give English equivalents of the following:
Фізичне явище, електричний заряд, електромагнітна індукція, радіохвилі, завдяки, заряджені частинки, вимірюватися у, вакуумні трубки, джерела енергії, енергія руху, згоряння, атомне (ядерне) розщеплення, вивільнятися у формі, електричний струм, мідний дріт, АЕС.
III. Fill in the gaps with the words given below:
