- | - | ||
sp | [Cu(NH3)2]+ Cu+:3 d 104 s 0 | ||
sp 3 | [NiCl4]2 Ni2+:3 d 8 | - | |
dsp 2 | [Ni(CN)4]2 Ni2+:3 d 8 | ||
d 2 sp 3 | [Co(NH3)6]3+ 3+:3 d 6 | - | |
sp 3 d 2 | [CoF6]3 3+:3 d 6 | - |
. , , [Ni(CN)4]2 [Co(N3)6]3, d .
. , .
d , .. . , d . d : d e , dxy, dxz, dyz , d g , d d .
( = 6) d g , dε , d g (. . 1).
.1. d
( = 4) d (. .2).
.2. d
d g d ε 0 . ( ) . .
3 d , Δ :
I < Br < S CN < Cl < NO < F < OH < ONO < C2O < H2O <
< N CS < gly < py < H < NH3 < n < N C < N O < CN < CO
( , )
( ) d ‑. Δ , (. . 3).
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.3. d Co3+
( ) d , Δ . , . , , d ε , d γ (. .4). .
.4. d Co3+
: , .
d γ ( d ε ) () , . , . 1 (/)
,
h (h = 6,63×1034 ×); ( = 3×108 /); N (N = 6, 02×1023 1); l , .
, . , , Δ , . . , (II) [CuCl4]2+ [Cu(H2O)4]4+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ -.
, . . , , , . . , [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ , .. , , , . .
, , , , . .
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4[Fe(CN)6] 4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4
, , , . [Fe(CN)6]4
[Fe(CN)6]4 ↔ CN + [Fe(CN)5]3
[Fe(CN)5]3 ↔ CN + [Fe(CN)4]2 ..
, . , [Fe(CN)6]4
;
, . , [Fe(CN)6]4
[Fe(CN)6]4 ↔ 6CN + Fe2+,
:
= , 1 K , 2 K , 3... K , n
= 1/
, : , .
( ) .
K2[PtCl4] + 4KI ↔K2[PtI4] + 4KCl,
[PtCl4]2 [PtI4]2, 1×10-16 1×10-31 , , . , , .
1. [Co(NH3)4Cl2]NO2. .
NO , , +1, [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+. NH3 Cl.
+1 = 1× + 04 + 2(1). = +1.
, . : (+1).
2. [Cu(NH3)2]+ ?
+1 = 1× + 02. = +1.
Cu+ 3 d 104 s 04 0. 3 d , - ( ) Cu+ 4 s 4 p , sp. (. . 1) .
3. [HgCl4]2.
Hg2+: 5 d 106 s 06 0, -
- , - ( Cl) ( ), ( Hg2+) : 6 s 6 p
, sp3 , [HgCl4]2 .
4. [Fe(CN)6]3 . ?
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Fe3+:3 d 54 s 04 p 04 d 0. CN σ, Fe3+, 3 d .
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3 d - 3 d ε , , , . 3 d, 4 s 4 d 2 sp 3 . , ..
5. [CrF4] .
Cr3+: 3 d 34 s 04 p 04 d 0. F σ,
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3 d, 4 s 4 d 2 sp, .
6. , [CoF6]3 , [Co(CN)6]3 .
3+: 3 d 6. F ( ) d , (. .3). , [CoF6]3 . [Co(CN)6]3 ( CN) d , . 3+ (. .4). , .
7. [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 167,2 1. (III) ?
,
.
, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ , (III) .
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8. , (I) 25, 0,001 [Ag(CN)2], CN 0,12 /3, - S2 3,5103 .
[Ag(CN)2] ↔ Ag+ + 2CN,
2Ag+ + S2 ↔ Ag2S¯.
(Ag2S)
.
[Ag(CN)2] ( = 110-21).
/3.
.
((Ag2S) = 5,71051) . < , , .
9. 0,3 /3 0,01 /3.
Na2[Zn(CN)4] → 2Na2+ + [Zn(CN)4]2
[Zn(CN)4]2 ↔ Zn2+ + 4CN
.
( = 1,310-17). , , , , [CN] 0,01 /3, CN, , .
/3.
1. .. : . . .: , 2002;
2. , , / .. , .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: ii, 1996;
3. : . . . / .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: . . , 2004;
4. : . / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: . ., 2003;
5. : . / .. , .. , .. . .: . ., 2004;
6. : . . . / .. , .. , .. . 2- ., . . .: . ., 1991;
7. .. : . . .: -, 2001;
8. .., .. . .: . ., 1991.
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