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UNIT 1
Rostov-on-Don
1. Answer the questions:
Is Rostov-on-Don your native city?
What is your favourite place in Rostov-on-Don?
Do you know any outstanding personalities whose lives and works were connected with the city?
2. Read and translate the text:
The city of Rostov was founded in 1749, when according to the Decree of the Empress Elizabeth II a custom house was built in the mouth of the Temernik River. Later the custom house was protected by a military fortress named after St Dimitriy Rostovsky that was founded in 1761. The settlements appeared around the fortress were called Rostov-on-Don for the first time on August, 17, 1807, by the Decree of the Emperor Alexander I.
Rostov-on-Don occupies an area of 354 square kilometres and has a population of more than 1.058 million people. The city is situated 1226 kilometres from Moscow. It is a junction of many important transportation routes providing the city with an access to three seas the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Caspian Sea and immediate contact with all the countries of the European part of the CIS, the Middle East and the Mediterranean. An international airport with a capacity of 4.5 billion passengers functions in the city.
Rostov-on-Don is the political, economic and cultural centre of the south of Russia, with considerable industrial, banking, trade and scientific potential.
The volumes of industrial production taking in account only large and medium-sized enterprises constitutes about 31 billion roubles a year; the growth rates of production output at the industrial enterprises in the city are stable. Almost 50% of the total trade turnover in the region occurs in Rostov.
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Large enterprises such as Rostselmash, Rostvertol, Baltika-Don, Donskoy Tabak and Yug Rusi are the part of the citys image.
It is worth mentioning that the production of Rostselmash covers about 60% of the all-Russian market; the production of Donskoy Tabak covers 12%; and the products of Baltika-Don constitute 96% of the regional market. Rostvertolplant is the only enterprise in the Russian Federation producing helicopters for different purposes. Yug Rusi is well-known as the largest producer and exporter of the wonderful Don sunflower oil.
Large industrial companies have shown significant interest in Rostov as the capital of the regions business. These companies include such leaders in the world markets as Samsung, Canon, Panasonic, Philips, Bosh and Siemens.
The city is growing rapidly. Its boundaries are expanding. Over the period of 2002 to 2003 more than 800 thousand square meters of new housing was built in the city, and 420 buildings in the centre of the city were reconstructed. The construction of comfortable private homes by individual constructors continues; more housing is being built by the enterprises of different forms of ownership. The volumes of the municipal housing construction increase continuously.
The investments in the construction in Rostov Region constitute about 7 billion roubles every year. The index of the newly built housing per capita is higher than the one in Moscow. By the pace of the newly built housing, Rostov occupies one of the leading positions in the Russian Federation.
The industrial potential of the city is constituted by the enterprises of machine building and metal industries (42%), food industry (32%), flour grinding (7%), light industry (6%), chemical industry (3%), construction materials industry (3%) and other branches. The financial sector of the economy includes 80 banks and their subsidiaries.
The project for Free Customs Zone Southern Gates of Russia is being implemented. The project is to consolidate the infrastructures of Rostov-on-Don and Rostov Region in order to broaden the export-import of the goods, capitals and services exchange going through the territory of Southern Russia.
Rostov-on-Don is also considered to be an important cultural centre with rich traditions. There are several theatres, dozens of cinemas, museums, libraries that are often visited by Rostovites and the tourists.
Rostov is a green city. There are many parks and walking areas within the city. The most popular entertaining areas are the embankment and the left bank of the river Don, the park named after M. Gorky, Pushkin avenue etc.
3. Scan the text and answer the questions:
1/ When was Rostov-on-Don founded and under what circumstances? 2/ What is the total area of the city? 3/ What is the population of Rostov-on-Don? 4/ What are the largest enterprises in the city? 5/What is the main point of Southern Gates of Russia project? 6/What are the most popular entertaining areas in Rostov-on-Don?
4. Prepare a report with a topic Further development of Rostov-on-Don in 15-20 years perspective (not less then 50 words). Use additional sources of information.
5. Make up the plan of the text and retell it according to the plan (not less then 100 words).
UNIT 2
The Russian Federation
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1. Answer the questions:
What is the geographical location of the Russian Federation?
Do you know any interesting facts from the history of the country?
What cultural traditions of Russians do you know?
The geography of the Russian Federation entails the physical and human geography of Russia. Comprising much of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, it is the world's largest country in total area. Due to its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. As with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances. From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaf forests, steppe, and semi-desert as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar sequence but is taiga. The country contains 40 UNESCO Biosphere reserves.
Located in the northern and middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. The country's 17.1 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area.
Extending for 57,792 kilometers, the Russian border is the world's longest, a source of substantial concern for national security in the post-Soviet era. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with fourteen countries. These "neighbors" are Kazakhstan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia Abhazia, South Osetia and Azerbaijan. The remaining bordering countries are North Korea, China, Mongolia, Poland, Norway, and Finland. And, at the far northeastern extremity, only eighty-six kilometers of the Bering Strait separate Russia from a fifteenth neighborthe United States, coming with in 4 km in the Diomede Islands.
Approximately 2/3 of the frontier is bounded by water. Thirteen seas and parts of three oceansthe Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacificwash Russian shores. Russia is the largest country in the world.
With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation. In 2006, there were eighty-eight administrative territorial divisions (called federal subjects): twenty-one republics, seven territories, forty-eight provinces, one autonomous area and nine autonomous districts. The cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg also have federal status.
Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone; the taiga, or forest, zone; the steppe, or plains, zone; the arid zone; and the mountain zone.
Russia's mountain ranges are located principally along its continental divide (the Ural Mountains), along the southwestern border (the Caucasus), along the border with Mongolia (the eastern and western Sayan Mountains and the western extremity of the Altay Mountains), and in eastern Siberia (a complex system of ranges in the northeastern corner of the country and forming the spine of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and lesser mountains extending along the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan). Russia has nine major mountain ranges.
Russia is a water-rich country. The earliest settlements in the country sprang up along the rivers, where most of the urban population continues to live. Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface-water resources. Forty of Russia's rivers are longer than 1,000 kilometers. The Volga, Europe's longest river, is by far Russia's most important commercial waterway.
The most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone holds 85% of the freshwater resources of the lakes in Russia and 20% of the world's total. It extends 632 kilometers in length and 59 kilometers across at its widest point. Its maximum depth is 1,713 meters.
Russia has a largely continental climate because of its sheer size and compact configuration. Most of its land is more than 400 kilometers from the sea, and the center is 3,840 kilometers from the sea. In addition, Russia's mountain ranges, predominantly to the south and the east, block moderating temperatures from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but European Russia and northern Siberia lack such topographic protection from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.
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Russia holds the greatest reserves of mineral resources of any country in the world. It may hold as much as half of the world's coal reserves and even larger reserves of petroleum. Deposits of coal are scattered throughout the region, but the largest are located in central and eastern Siberia. Natural gas, a resource of which Russia holds around 40% of the world's reserves, can be found along Siberia's Arctic coast, in the North Caucasus, and in northwestern Russia. Major iron-ore deposits are located south of Moscow, near the Ukrainian border in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly; this area contains vast deposits of iron ore that have caused a deviation in the Earth's magnetic field. The Ural mountains hold small deposits of manganese. Nickel, tungsten, cobalt, and molybdenum and other iron alloys occur in adequate quantities.
3. Scan the text and answer the questions:
1/ What is the total area of the Russian Federation? 2/ What is the population of the country? 3/ What countries does the Russian Federation border on? 4/ Give a sketch on a landscape of the Russian Federation? 5/ What is the largest river of the Russian Federation? 6/ What is the largest fresh water body of the Russian federation? 7/ Speak on the Russian mineral resources diversity.
4. Prepare a report about the political structure of the Russian Federation (not less then 50 words). Use additional sources of information.
5. Make up the plan of the text and retell it according to the plan (not less then 100 words).
UNIT 3
