.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





7.

(inflation - inflatio, ) .

:

1) , , , , ;

2) . , . -: , , . , , .. .

, , (deflation) . (desinflation), .

( ) (rate of inflation - ), :

Pt - ( ) , Pt 1 - ( ) . , , .

. () , . , , , .

. () , : , , .

,

3-5% ( 10%). .

,

.

200

- 300% (, ), .

, ,

40-50% 1000% . 1922- 1924 . 1012 ( 1945 1946 .), 3.8 * 1027 198 .

, : () () .

()

.

() ,

, , ( ) (. 7.1.). .

PM , , PG , , YS ( , ), YD ( , ). YD YS , . , . , , .

: 1) 2) . , : .

,

(demand-pull inflation).

(, , ), .

( ) ( ), ( ). , , : .

: , M (money supply) - ( ), V (velocity of money) (, , , , 1 , 1 .. ), P (price level) Y(yield) ( ). (P × Y) ( ). , , .. . ( ) (.8.2.()), ( ) (.7.2.()). , () .

, , -

- - ( - -- Y*)(.7.2.()).

( ): , (/ 100%) , m, (V/V x 100%) , (P/P x 100%) , .. , (Y/Y x 100%) , g.

, , , : m g,.. . , : , .

: ( ) , ? , , .

- ( - ), (cost-push inflation). - (.7.3.)

(.7.4.). , , . AD1 AD2. 1 2, (, W1), ( = / , , ). (, W2). SRAS1 - SRAS2. 3. (W2/P3 < W2/P2). . . , AD3, 4. , - SRAS3, 5. , . , , .. ( . ., ., .D, .F ..). . , .

: 1) 2) .

. -

, , . , ( ).

= =
1 + 

 . (.. ), , . , , .

,

. , . , .. , , 1/ , .. (value) , , . , $5, = $5. 1/ 1/ 5 . , 1/5 . , $10, . $10 = $10, 1/ 1/10 . , $5 $10, 1/5 1/10 .

, .. , , , , , , , , . , , () . , (run from money). , . , 1923 ., : , , , , , , , , ; , , .

. :

(shoeleather costs).

, .. , . , , , , , . , , , , , , .. , , , .. , ( ), , , .

(menu costs). -.

) , , , , ) , ) .

, -

(relative-price variability and the misallocation of resources). ( ), . , , , , . , , .. , . , , . , , .

, ,

(inflation-induced tax distortions). , , , , , , , . :

- (apital gains), , , , . . , $20, $50. , , , $30 ($50 $20), $10, $40, , , $10 ($50 - $40), $30 , (tax code) .

- , , , ( ) . , , . , , , , . .

, , , .

, , ,

(confusion and inconvenience). , . , , , (, , ..). , , ( ) , .. . , 1 , 50 , .. , , , 1 , 50 . , , (), , , , , .

, . , (a special cost of unexpected inflation).

, (expected) (unexpected).

, . , , , . (R), ( ) - r - e: R = r + e

, , (expected) .

( , ). : 1 , 1 . : r = R - e

, ( 10%), :

.

, ( ), . , e, , , , .. (1 + e). 1, , .





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