, , , . , () () .
( ) ( ) , . , ( model of circular flows).
, - (. 1).
1
( ) , ( ) . , ( ) , , - (.. ), ( ). . , . (consumption spending). , , (revenue), , (costs), (income) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), .
( ). . , , , , . , . . , . , .
, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) (.2).
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2.
( 2) . , . , (savings) . ( loanable funds). , . : 1) ( , ), ; 2) , , . , . , , . (consumption spending - ) (investment spending I). , Y (yield). (expenditures):
Y = E
( ) () (I):
E = C+ I,
- (C) (S):
Y = + S.
,
+ I = + S,
, ,
I = S,
.. . (injections) , (leakages) . , , , ( , , ). , , , . ( ), , (). . .
.
1) -, (government spending - G), , , . , , . , .. .
2) -, (taxes - Tx), . , , , (transfers - Tr). - , ( ) . (social benefits), , , , , . (subsidies).
3) -, , . ( + ) (), , , . ( ) . , , , .. . , . , . ( () ), , .
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, :
(. ) .
(. S) , .
(. I) - , ,
(. G) - , . .
(. T) - . . , , , .
(. Xn NX) - . . , , , , .
(. Y)
- . , .