LANGUAGE IN USE
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1.
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) 3- .
made, make, begun, begin, began, was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen, arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken, take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought, choose, chosen, chose.
2. , ) ) ) .
will begin, have protected, is speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, shall have, are driving, has felt, were keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing, flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do, will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, shall respect, imposed.
3. .
1. Students (are studying, study) law at the University. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didnt find, havent found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? - I (think, am thinking) about retirement. - But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. - I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.
4. , , .
. , : state - , , , judge - , claim - , , , force - , rule - , , . - , . , , .
1. A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge us? justify". Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. There are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? We did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives In a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. Need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. Our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals., despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.
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1. (the purpose of law) 2. to live in society b) 3. to choose at randomc) 4. to safeguard our personal property and our lives.d) 5. to have disagreements and conflictse) 6. to resolve disputes peacefullyf) () 7. to turn to the lawg) 8. to respect individual rightsh) 9. to arrest and punish people without triali) - 10. to believe in the Rule of Lawj) 11. in accordance with the lawk) 12. to protect basic individual rights and freedomsl) 13. to reflect the changing needs of societym) 14. to have the right to speak out publiclyn) 15. to seek to change the law by lawful meanso)
6. .
1. Almost everything we do is governed by) rules imposed by morality) the courts) some set of rules
2. If we didnt live in a structured society with other people) we would simply do as we please) we would simply do with little regard for others) laws would not be necessary
3. Laws against criminal conduct help) to protect our property) to take advantage of other individuals) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
4. We turn to the law) to resolve the dispute peacefully) to decide who is the real owner) to force people keep their promises
5. Another goal of the law is) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms) fairness) to provide for benefits.
7.
The aim of () is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of () theory is () the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect ( ) for human conduct and () devised by men must be induced by these rules. () is a term which is used in many different senses. To () law has far narrower meaning - the principle recognized and applied by the state in (). The English ( ) has still been copied by many nations. ( ) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges the winner. By the time of ( ) each ( ) should gain as much information as possible.
8. . , .
| 1. . 2. - , , . 3. - , . 4. - , . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. ? | 1. The law is the rule of conduct established by a government and applicable to people, whether in the form of legislation or custom. 2. Law is any rule or injunction that must be obeyed. 3. Not everybody can work for the goods of society. 4. A lawyer is a person whose profession is to conduct lawsuit for clients or to advise or act for them in other legal matters. 5. We accept some rules if we belong to particular social institutions. 6. Ill take legal advice. 7. She brought a case to court. 8. What factors influenced your decision? 9. A judge administers justice. |
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9.
1.What kind of society do we live in?
2.What is the society governed by?
3.What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?
4.Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?
5.Why are laws designed to control our behavior?
6.What are the goals of law?
7.When do people turn to law?
8.Why do we need the law?
Unit 3. LAW AND SOCIETY
1.
LAW AND SOCIETY
The world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. Things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living. Laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often dont notice them. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. When a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasnt repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didnt return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. May wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didnt pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after the listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment be entered in favor of you against Bert. Transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. The whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.
2.
1. Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?
2. Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?
3. Do we notice laws? Why?
4. When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?
5. In what case may we sue against Berth?
6. Where do we testify under oath?
7. Did Berth win or lose the case?
8. In what cases do people seek legal advice?
9. Why do companies employ lawyers?
3. ,
1. _____ is the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil offence.
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2. _____ is the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company.
3. _____ is a civil legal proceeding against someone.
4. _____ is an official court decision on the case.
5. _____ are an official body whose job is to make sure that people obey the law, to catch, and to protect people and property.
6. _____ is someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court.
7. ______ is a house or a room where all the information about the crime is given so that it can be judged.
8. ______ is a sum of money that you owe somebody.
9. _____ is a formal statement that something is true, such as the one a witness makes in court of law.
10. ______ is money that has been lost by a business, a person or a government.
11. ______ is legal means (documents) regulating relations between companies.
4. - . :
I quite agree with the statement that ___ because
Just what I think . because ..
1. Relations between people are regulated by) government) prescriptive laws) peoples experience) customs and traditions
2. If we always break the rules, other members of society may) refuse to have anything to do with us) carry precise penalties) use a system of courts) consult the police
3. When governments make laws for their citizens) they use the power of the police to enforce them) they use justice) they observe public opinion) they try to implement common sense.
5. (3 .) .
When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone-such as when young children commit crimes, when the police have to concentrate on certain crimes and therefore ignore others, or in countries where there is so much political corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence. But the general nature of the law is enforced equally against all members of the nation. Made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society, and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club. A member of a rugby club is so angry with the referee during a club game that he hits him and breaks his nose. At the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing about the incident would criticize the player and try to persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee in some way. At a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules of his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct of all people playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension before he would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also face prosecution for attacking the referee under laws created by the government of his country. In many countries there might be two kinds of prosecution. First, the referee could conduct a civil action against the player, demanding compensation for his injury and getting his claim enforced by a court of law if the player failed to agree privately. Second, the police might also start an action against the player for a crime of violence. If found guilty, the player might be sent to prison, or he might be made to pay a fine to the court-that is, punishment for an offence against the state, since governments often consider anti-social behavior not simply as a matter between two individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.
6. ,
Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society
The player might face prosecution for attacking the referee under law.
When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts.
Governments consider anti-social behavior as a danger to the well-being and order of society.
This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.
Unit 4. LEGAL PROFESSIONS
LANGUAGE IN USE
. , , legal. , . ( ), . ~ document - ~ obligation - ~ system - ~ action - ~ costs - ~ decision - ~ procedure - ~ remedy - ~ person - ~ profession - ~ advisor - ~ ethics - ~ department - ~ language - , ~ aid - ~ government - ~ foundation - ~ owner -
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1. , legal.
1. To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.
2. Every legal system has many shortcomings.
3. Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.
4. Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobodys fault.
5. There is a large information gap in peoples awareness of their legal rights.
6. Such legal knowledge as people had came largely from newspapers and television.
7. The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.
8. Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of tens of thousands of pounds.
9. Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.
10. Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.
2. , -, :
) ;
) , .
advocate, licensed, clients, jurisdiction, specialization, profession, qualification, training, examinations, office, type, business, contracts, audience, normally, options, career, private, civil, criminal, faculty, college, dissertation, prosecutor, arbitrator, professor, politician, justify.
A lawyer is a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients.
3. :
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()
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(- )
- ()
4. , , .
1. to take a. the clients
2. to deal with b. the practice of law
3. to draw up c. the right of audience
4. to make d. court
5. to have e. the practice environment
6. to go to f. legal matters
7. to engage in g. legal arrangements
8. to advise on h. contracts
9. to depend on i. legal advice
10. on behalf of j. a range of legal work
5. ,
- . - , , , .. 1990 , .
( ) 2008 112,2 16,5 . 1997 2008 50%.
, . (3 ) (LLB), - ( GDL - Graduate Diploma in Law).
(training contract). 4 6 . . , - 20-40 .
UNIT 5. LEGAL SKILLS
LANGUAGE IN USE
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1. :
)
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) .
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many, more, the most, wise, wiser, the wisest, competitive, more competitive, the most competitive, clear, clearer, the clearest, concise, more concise, the most concise, bad, worse, the worst, simple, simpler, the simplest, complex, more complex, the most complex, little, less, the lest (least), persuasive, more persuasive, the most persuasive, good, better, the best, efficient, more efficient, the most efficient, far, farther (further), the farthest (furthest), effective, more effective, the most effective.
2. , .
1. This method is as effective as the previous one. 2. The period is twice as long as a semester. 3. Inform us as soon as possible. 4. His job is not so efficient as his colleagues one. 5. The more you work, the better you study. 6. The document is as concise as possible. 7. Her resume is not so clear as required. 8. His career promotion is twice as quick as that of the friend. 9. The better you communicate with people, the more clients you will have.
3. .
TEXT 5. TOP TEN LEGAL SKILLS
While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in todays competitive legal market.
Oral Communication is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must:
Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.
Communicate persuasively.
Advocate a position or a cause.
Master legal terminology.
Develop keen listening skills.
2. Written Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must:
Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.
Master the fundamentals of grammar.
Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.
Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and
legal agreements.
3. Client Service. In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success.
Analytical and Logical Reasoning. Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.
Legal Research. Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill.
Technology. Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including e-mails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology.
Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.
Time Management. In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads.
Organization. In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop top-notch organizational skills.
Teamwork. Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.
4.
,
()
5. .
1. An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.___________
To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.______________
A piece of paper that gives official written information about something._____________
Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________
Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas. ____________
Having the highest quality or standard. ______________
The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.___________
1. DOCUMENT 2. COMMUNICATION 3. CLIENT 4. TOP NOTCH 5. DRAFT 6. SKILL 7. RESEARCH
6. ,
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, .
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, , , .
7. . :
) : It goes without saying, Exactly so;
) : Nothing of the kind, Surely not;
) : Im not quite sure about it, Thats hard to tell.
Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.
In the first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.
Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.
We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.
You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.
It is easy to learn legal English.
It is possible for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few days.
We must pace ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.
