.
1. (II).
2. .
3. Ag+, Hg2+ .
Mg2+
1. Mg2+ Mg(OH)2, .
. 4 , 4 . 4 4 ( ). . ? .
2. Na2HPO4 - MgNH4PO4:
MgSO4 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH MgNH4PO4¯ +Na2SO4 + H2O
Mg2+ + HPO42- + NH4OH MgNH4PO4 + H2O
, Mg(OH)2.
. 3-4 4-5 2 3-5 Na2HP4. 2 , . , , . - MgNH4PO4.
.
1. =8.
2. NH4+ MgNH4PO4.
3. .
4. , , .
3. .
. , 25% . Na2HPO4× 122 .
4. 1(-) II (--a-)
- . .
. ( ) 1-2 Mg2+ 1-2 . . , . .
.
1. >10.
2. .
Sb3+
. , :
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SbCl3 +H2O SbOCl¯ +2HCl
. - .
.
1. 3-4. .
2.
3. ( ).
2. Na2S2O3 Sb3+ (III) Sb2O2S2:
2SbCl3 +2Na2S2O3 + 3H2O Sb2OS2¯ +2H2SO4 + 4NaCl +2HCl
2Sb3+ +2S2O32- + 3H2O Sb2OS2 +2SO42-+ 4NaCl +6H+
Bi3+ , .
. 2-3 (III), 5-6 , . .
.
1. (IV) SO2 .
2. u2+, Hg2+ ., , .
3. Sb3+ . Sb3+ , .
. , . ( ).
3Zn +2SbCl3 2Sb¯ + 3ZnCl2
.
1. , Sb3+, =1-2.
2. .
3. 2-3 .
Sb5+
1. . ( ), :
[SbCl6]- + 2H2O SbO2Cl¯ + 5Cl- + 4H+
2. , Sb5+ :
[SbCl6]- + 5- HSbO3¯ +6Cl- + 2H2O
3. , , , Sb5+ , Sb3+.
4. .
. 2-3 , 2-3 1-2 NaNO2. 3 . 2 1 . Sb5+ - .
.
1. a Sb(III) ( )
2. NO2 - .
3. .
. 2-3 , 2-3 (d=1,19), 1-2 3 .
2 2 . .
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:
: , , , .
Fe2+, Fe3+.
Fe2+ -(III) , Fe3+ - -(II) .
Sb3+, Bi3+.
, 4-6. . , (1). . (III) , . , , . (II) .
Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+.
, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+ , , . (III), . (III), (III). Fe3+ .
, Mn2+ ( Mn2+ MnO4-), , . Mn2+ .
Na2HPO4 1 (III).
(III) a , . Fe3+ , .
.
1. , . | ||
2. (II) K3[Fe(CN)6] (III) K4[Fe(CN)6] | ||
3. 0,5 NaOH , HCl. , . | ||
4. (I) SbOCl, BiOCl . | 5. (I) Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+ - NaOH, 22, . | |
8. (III) Fe(OH)3, MnO2, Mg(OH)2 NH4Cl. | ||
9. (III) MgCl2 : ) Na2HPO4, ) 1 | 10. (IV) Fe(OH)3, MnO3 . | |
6. (II) BiOCl , HNO3 Bi3+ . | ||
12. (V) MnO2 (NH4)2S2O8. | 11. (IV) Fe3+, Fe2+ KSCN. | |
7. (II) C4H4O6(SbO). (III) (V) . |
7
:
( , )
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Cu2+,Hg2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+.
.. : , , ; . .
. , , (II) .
, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ , Hg2+ - , 2+ - :
CuSO4 + 2KOH Cu(OH)2¯ + K2SO4
Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2
CdCl2 + 2KOH Cu(OH)2¯ + KCl
Cd2+ + 2OH- Cd(OH)2
NiCl2 + 2KOH Ni(OH)2¯ + KCl
Ni2+ + 2OH- Ni(OH)2
HgCl2 + 2KOH HgO¯ + 2KCl +H2O
Hg2+ + 2OH- HgO + H2O
CoCl2 + KOH CoOHCl¯ + KCl
Co2+ + OH- CoOHCl
(, ) , (II), 25% .
. 5 3 , 3 . . 8 , , .
( ) :
2CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (CuOH)2SO4¯ + (NH4)2SO4
2Cu2+ + SO42-+ 2NH4OH (CuOH)2SO4 +2NH4+
CdCl2 + 2NH4OH Cd(OH)2¯ + 2NH4Cl
Cd2+ + 2OH- Cd(OH)2
HgCl2 + 2NH4OH [NH2Hg]Cl¯ + 2NH4Cl +2H2O
HgCl2 + 2NH4OH [NH2Hg]Cl¯ + NH4+ + Cl- +2H2O
NiCl2 + NH4OH NiOHCl¯ + NH4Cl
CoCl2 + NH4OH CoOHCl¯ + NH4Cl
:
uSO4 + 4NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 +4H2O
u2+ + 4NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]2+ +4H2O
HgCl2 + 4NH4OH [Hg(NH3)4]Cl2 +4 H2O
Hg2+ + 4NH4OH [Hg(NH3)4]2+ +4 H2O
CdCl2 + 4NH4OH [Cd(NH3)4]Cl2 +4 H2O
Cd2+ + 4NH4OH [Cd(NH3)4]2+ +4 H2O
NiCl2 + 6NH4OH [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 +6 H2O
Ni2+ + 6NH4OH [Ni(NH3)6]2+ +6 H2O
CoCl2 + 6NH4OH [Co(NH3)6]Cl2 +6 H2O
Co2+ + 6NH4OH [Co(NH3)6]2+ +6 H2O
(II) NH4l ( NH4+ ).
, , (III), - . .
. 5 , 3 (II), (II), , , . 3 25% , . , 6 , , , , Hg2+, Co2+ , NH4Cl.
.
. (II), (II), , .
. , , (II) . (II) , .
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! !
. 5 3-4 (II), (II), , , 5-8 . 5-7 , .
Cu2+
1. , , , - :
CuSO4 + 4NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 +4H2O
. 4 - 5 , , . Cu2+. Cu2+ .
2. Na2S2O3, , , . - Cu2S.
Cu2+ . :
2CuSO4 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 + Na2S4O6 + Cu2SO4
Cu2SO4+ Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 + Cu2S2O3
Cu2S2O3 + Na2S2O3 Na2[Cu2(S2O3)2]
Na2[Cu2(S2O3)2] + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2[Cu2(S2O3)2]
H2[Cu2(S2O3)2] H2SO4 + SO2 + Cu2S¯ + S¯
__________________________________________________________
2CuSO4 + 4Na2S2O3 3Na2SO4 + Na2S4O6 + S¯ + Cu2S¯ + SO2
:
CuSO4 + Na2S2O3 CuS2O3 + Na2SO4
CuS2O3 + H2O CuS¯ + H2SO4
. 2-3 , 4-5 , 2-3 2-3 . . - (I) .
, Na2SO4 S.
, Cu2+ , .
Cu2+ + Zn Cu + Zn2+
. (, ) , . .
.
1. =1-2.
2. .
3. (II) .
Cu2+ K4[Fe(CN)6] - (II) Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
2Cu2+ + [Fe(CN)6]4- Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
, 25%- :
Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 12NH3 + 4H2O (NH4)4[Fe(CN)6] + [Cu (N3)4](OH)2
, (Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+).
(II) .
Hg2+
!
1. Na2S2O3 (II) (II) HgS, :
HgCl2 + H2S HgS¯ + 2HCl
2. Hg2+ HgI2, .
Hg(NO3)2 + 2KI HgI2¯ + KNO3; Hg2+ + 2I- HgI2
HgI2 + 2KI K2[HgI4]; HgI2 + 2I- + 2K+ K2[HgI4]
. ) 4-5 (II) Hg(NO3)2 , KI. - , .
) . (II), 5-6 . .
Hg2+ , Ag+, Pb2+, , .
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.
1. < 6.
2. .
3. Ag+, Pb2+ ., KI , , .
3. SnCl2 Hg2+ [Hg2]2+, :
2HgCl2 + SnCl2 Hg2Cl2¯ + SnCl4
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2 2Hg¯ + SnCl4
. SnCl2 , (II).
Hg2+ :
2Hg2+ + Sn2+ + Ag+ + 2Cl- Sn+4 + Ag¯ + Hg2Cl2¯
.
1. < 5.
2. .
3. .
4. Hg2+ .
. . 4-5 .
.
1. Ag+, Bi3+, [Hg2] 2+, Sb+3,
2. Sb+3 , Bi3+ .
Cd2+
1. Cd2+ :
H2S + CdCl2 2HCl + CdS¯
S 2-+ Cd2+ CdS¯
Cd2+ , .
. 3-4 , Cd2+, 6 2-3 2-3 . HgS Cu2S . Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+. . 5-6 2-3 .
Cd2+ CdS. .
.
1. .
2. .
2. :
CdCl2 + 4 CS(NH2)2 [Cd(CSN2H4)4]Cl2
. .
. 3-4 , 3-4 , , 3 5-6 .
Cd2+ - . Cd2+ Cu2+, .
3. Cd2+ KI. KI NH4 [Cd(NH3)4]I2. , 30-40% KI. :