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, , , , , , DSM-III (1980), , . () (/, , ) , (, ).

, . , . ( ) 75% , , ; . , , . , , , , .

, DSM-III , , . , , . . DSM . : DSM-IV 6 1 -10, . (. 35.1.1 35.1.2).

 

35.1.1. -10 DSM-IV ( -9-)

-10 DSM-IV ( -9-)
F20 295
F20.0 295.30
F20.1 295.10
F20.2 295.20
F20.3 295.90
F20.5 295.60
F20.6
F21 301.22
F22 297.1
F23
F23.0
F23.1
F23.2 295.40
295.8
F25 295.70
F25.0 ,
F25.1 ,
F25.2 ,

 

35.1.2. -10 ( , . . Dilling et al., 1994, S. 85, 86) DSM-IV ( , . American Psychiatric Association, 1996, S. 340, 341)

  -10 DSM-IV
1. , , () 2. , , ; 3. , ; , - 4. , , , (, ) 5. , , , 6. , ; 7. , , , , 8. , , , , ; , 1. 2. A3. (, ) 4. 5. , . . , . : , , ,
. 1-4 ( ) . 5-8 , ,
6 ( ); 1
- : , - : , - : ,

 

, , . . . DSM-IV (, ) - , (, , ). , (Clark, Watson & Reynolds, 1995). (Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study) 91% (, 47% ) (Smith & Hucker, 1994). , , , . , , .

, . . . , DSM-IV -10, , : 1) , , 2) 3) . ; (McGlashan & Fenton, 1991).

, . ( ) ( ). , ( , ) (Andreasen, Arndt, Alliger, Miller & Flaum, 1995) (. . 35.1.3).

 

35.1.3. - (Varimax-Rotation)

() 0,83 0,13 0,17
0,82 0,18 0,11
0,81 -0,11 0,04
0,06 0,80 -0,11
-0,05 0,75 0,27
0,43 0,60 0,25
0,07 0,18 0,82
0,17 0,01 0,75
28% 21% 18%

. 243 (Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SANS) (Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SAPS) ( Andreasen et al., 1995).

 

 

, , , . , , , . . . , , . (Paranoid-Depressivitats-Skala, PDS). , .

(. 35.1.4). . , (. 35.1.1). , , , , (Disability Schedule, DAS), ( : Jung, Krumm, Biehl, Maurer & Bauer-Schubart, 1989), DSM (Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, GAF). . (, AMDP, BPRS). - , (Present State Examination, PSE;Wing, Cooper & Sartorius, 1982). , (, , , Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI, DSM-III-R Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, SCID)(Wittchen & Unland, 1991). , , , . . . , , , .

 

35.1.4. () ()

(BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) () (Lukoff et al., 1987) , , 5 18 ,
(NOSIE, Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation) () (Honigfeld et al., 1996) 7 30 ,
(SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms) (, C) (Dieterle et al., 1986) - 5 ( , , , , ) (30 )
(PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) () (Kay et al., 1987) , 7 (30 )
(PD-S, Paranoid-Depressivitats-Skala) () (v. Zerssen, 1976) : 1) - , 2) , 3) 43
(InSka, IntentionalitatsSkala) () (Mundt et al., 1985) 60 ,
(FBF, Frankfurter Beschwerde-Fragebogen) (C) (Süllwold, 1991) ( ) 10 (98 )

 

35.1.1. (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PANSS; Kay et al. 1987, 1988, 1990)

,

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PANSS (Kay et al. 1987, 1988, 1990)

,

- , 7 . 30 ( 1-7:1 = , 2 = , 3 = , 4 = ... 7 = ).

- (7 ): , , , , , /, .

- (7 ): , , , , , , .

- (16 ): , , , , , , , .

- 1 ,

-- (3): , , , ;

-- (5): , , ;

-- (7): , .

- : : 0,73, 0,83, 0,79. 6 : 0,80, 0,68, 0,60; 24 : 0,24, -0,13, -0,18.

- : :

/ (Scale for Assessing Positive Symptoms); SAPS: 0,77.

/ (Scale for Assessing Negative Symptoms); SANS: 0,77.

/ (Clinical Global Impressions Scale; CGI); 0,52.

---

 

 

American Psychiatric Association. (1996). Diagnostisches und statistisches Manual psychischer Störungen - DSM-IV (Deutsche Bearbeitung und Einleitung: Saß, H., Wittchen, H. U., Zaudig, M.). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Alliger, R., Miller, D. & Flaum, M. (1995). Symptoms of schizophrenia: Methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 341-351.

Clark, L. A., Watson, D. & Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: Challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 121-153.

Dieterle, D. M., Albus, M. I., Eben, E., Ackenheil, M. & Rockstroh, W. (1986). Preliminary experiences and results with the Munich version of the Andreasen Scale. Pharmacopsychiatry, 19, 96-100.

Dilling, H., Mombour, W., Schmidt, M. H. & Schulte-Markwort, E. (Hrsg.).(1994). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen ICD-10 Kapitel V (F). Forschungskriterien. Bern: Huber.

Honigfeld, G., Gillis, R. D. & Klett, C. J. (1996). NOSIE-Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation. In CIPS (Hrsg.), Internationale Skalen für Psychiatrie (4. Aufl.). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Jung, E., Krumm, B., Biehl, H., Maurer, K. & Bauer-Schubart, C. (1989). DAS-Mannheimer Skalen zur Einschätzung sozialer Behinderung. Weinheim: Beltz.

Kay, S. R. (1990). Significance of the positive-negative distinction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 635-652.

Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-275.

Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A. & Lindenmayer, J. P. (1988). Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Research, 23, 99-110.

Lukoff, D., Nuechterlein, K. H. & Ventura, J. (1987). Manual for expanded Brief Psychiatrie Rating Scales (BPRS). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 594-602.

McGlashan, T. H. & Fenton, W. S. (1991). Classical subtypes for schizophrenia: Literature review for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 609-632.

Mundt, Ch., Fiedler, P., Pracht, B. & Rettig, R. (1985). InSKa (Intentionalitäts Skala) - ein neues psycho-pathometrisches Instrument zur quantitativen Erfassung der schizophrenen Residualsymptomatik. Nervenarzt, 56, 146-149.

Smith, J. & Hucker, S. (1994). Schizophrenia and substance abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 13-21.

Süllwold, L. (1991). Manual zum Frankfurter Beschwerde-Fragebogen (FBF). Berlin: Springer.

Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1982). Die Erfassung und Klassifikation psychiatrischer Symptome. Weinheim: Beltz.

Wittchen, H. U. & Unland, H. (1991). Neue Ansätze zur Symptomerfassung und Diagnosestellung nach ICD-10 und DSM-III-R: Strukturierte und standardisierte Interviews. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 20, 321-342.

Zerssen, D. V. (1976). Klinische Selbstbeurteilungs-Skala aus dem Münchner Psychiatrischen Informations-System: Paranoid-Depressivitäts-Skalen. Weinheim: Beltz.

 

 

35.2. :

,

 

 

. , , . , 70- , (WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders)(Jablensky, Sartorius, Ernberg et al., 1992). , , , . , , , . , , . , , 10/100 000.

, , . : , , . : . , , . ( ): 25 62%, 47% (Häfner, 1995).

? , . , , , , . .

 

 

(. 10). . , . , , , , , , . , 1920 1987 (. McGue & Gottesmann, 1989). , (48% 46%) , , , , 13%.

, . , . 50%. - ? , .

, . , , . (. Kendler & Diehl, 1993), , , , , . , (Tienari, 1991) , . . , , , , , , . , , , , .

, . , , 50%. , , , .

 

 

. , . . . ; . - ; , (. Cannon & Marco, 1994).

, . , , . , , (. Gattaz, Kohlmeyer & Gasser, 1991). , , , . , .

, , . , . , . , , . , , , , . - , , (Häfner, 1995). - .

 

 

, , , . , , ; . , , , .

. , , (. Straube & Oades, 1992). (Broadbent) 1958 , . , . , , , . , , . . , , (Harris, Benedict und Leek, 1990) . , () () . , . . , , , . . , , , , , (High Risk). , (Continuos Performance Test). (Cornblatt & Keilp, 1994). : , , . , , , (. Rist & Cohen, 1991).

- . (assoziativen Netzwerke). , 30- , - , . , . , . (lexical decision tasks). , , , , , -. . . , , , . , , (. Spitzer, 1993).

, . , , . . , , , . : , , , . . , .

 

 





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