, Lite , Schlitz. , , , , , Miller.
Schlitz $500 . , . , . Schlitz Light, . , . , , ?
. SchUtz Light Lite, Anheuser‑Busch Natural Light. , , , . Anheuser‑Busch , , : Natural. He .
, , . ( /suzu? ISUZU? , .) , Natural Light .
, . .
6 Adolph Coors Company , . Coors. .
Coors ‑ . ( , , Olympia ‑, Heileman Old Style , Dixie , Rheingold, Schaefer Ballantine , Utica Club Genesee ‑, Iron City .)
Coors : , 12 , 9 . Coors : , , . Coors. , , The New York Times.
Coors . ( , Michelob Light.) , : " Keel‑Aid. (Kool‑Aid, . . .). Coors : .
Lite Coors , .
Coors . , , . 786 . 40.
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|
‑ ‑ 121 . . 45. .
1960 37% . 92%.
Coors . Lite. , , , .
Coors Lite, , . , .
. , , . , , .
Coors . ( , Coors 1978 .) , .
Coors . . Lite , .
Coors ‑ Coors Light, 23 . , Coors . , . ( , ? Coors Banquet. , , Coors Banquet.)
, , . Miller, .
Lite
Lite . Miller, , . , . , .
, Lite.
, : (. ).
, Miller.
, Lite , Miller Miller Lite, Miller High Life.
, Miller. ‑ , Miller, Lite. Miller, : Miller Brewing Co., Milwaukee, WI. . , , Lite.
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Lite, High Life. 1979 , 4 Lite, Miller High Life . 21% Budweiser.
High Life
, Miller High Life : 32, 40, 49, 59 , , 1984 68%. , Budweiser 3 , High Life.
1983 , Miller Lite Miller High. , Miller , Lite.
. Miller , The New York Times High Life. , .
, Miller, . ( ), Budweiser. , , .
, , Miller $450 , . .
, : , .
, , , , Miller.
. . , . , .
, Miller Lite. ( Diet Coke.) .
. . , Coca‑Cola.
p , , Miller . High Life, , : , .
: Miller .
? Lite High Life? . , , .
Miller . High Life , . , ; High Life?
, , Miller, ? .
, Miller.
Schlitz Schlitz Light, Coors Coors Light Michelob Michelob Light, Light.
, , .
Schlitz Light . , . . 1976 , Schlitz Light, 24 Schlitz. 3 , Schlitz Schlitz Light . . .
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|
, , , . Coors Light . 1,6 . 1984 4,5 . Coors Light Miller Light.
, Coors? . ?
, 1976 , Coors 12 $12 , , 1984, 44 33 . .
Michelob Miller. Michelob Light Michelob . . : , .
Michelob Light , . 4 ? , , .
Budweiser Bud. Light. Anheuser‑Busch . Bud Light , , . 10% . Anheuser . $50 Bud Light. 9 , .
Budweiser . 2,5 , 2 (Miller Lite). Bud Light.
Light? , , ‑ . . .
, ‑ , , . .
, ‑ . . , , . , , ‑ .
, , , .
.
Michelob Classic Dark Coors Extra Cold. .
, Coors . 5 , .
13
, . , .
1984 McDonald's . $685 . $29 . . , .
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|
, , ? , .
6‑7 , . , , . , , ‑.
. . . . , , . ( 1: , .)
McDonald's
:
McDonald's ‑, .
, . .
, , . , , , . : . ( ? .)
, . , ( ), , . .
McDonald's .
Burger King, Wendy's Kentucky Fried Chicken .
McDonald's, ‑ , , , McDonald's ‑ , . ( ‑.)
, . McDonald's , .
, . , . , .
70‑ . McDonald's , Burger King , McDonald's.
, , . , ‑ , McDonald's , .
, . ‑. .
, . , .
, , , , . , , , .
, . , .
, , ( ), , .
, , , . , , ‑: Hardee's, Burger Chief .
. , Burger King, , McDonald's, .
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|
, , . , , .
Burger King
, McDonald's, Burger King.
McDonald's , . 2, Burger King, .
2: . McDonald's , , .
, , : , , , , , (. .). ‑, , : ‑. ( , , .)
? , , McDonald's . ‑ , , .
70‑ Burger King , . ‑, . , . , .
Burger King, , , ‑ .
. ‑ . , McDonald's . , , Burger King.
. : , ?
. , .
McDonald's
, . 70‑ : , .
, . , . , , Kentucky Fried Chicken?
, McDonald's, McChicken McRib .
Chicken McNuggets, . .
, McNuggets Kentucky Fried Chicken. 8 , . , , Chicken Nuggets.
3: . Kentucky Fried Chicken 8 . McDonald's .
Egg McMuffin Chicken McNuggets.
. , , . , Chicken McNuggets, .
Chicken McNuggets, Big Mac?
McDonald's ‑ . : , .
, , , .
, ? , , .
, , , , .
, . . ‑ 90 , , .
, , , . , , , . , .
, . , .
McDonald's , . , , , , .
, Burger King
80‑ , Burger King . : . McDonald's ‑ , . , .
Burger King , . , , . , .
. , , .
, , .
1982 Burger King . 8%. : ( ) McDonald's 15%.
, . (Pillsbury) Burger King. , .
Burger King McDonald's. , .
, , Burger King : , , McDonald's. McDonald's, . , ‑ Burger King. McDonald's , .
Burger King 10% ( McDonald's 3%). , .
Burger King , McDonald's, $120 .
Burger King , .
McDonald's
Wendy's , ‑ Kentucky Fried Chicken, 1969 .
, Wendy's . , , . Wendy's . , . ‑ Wendy's , .
Wendy's , .
. Wendy's , .
. .
Wendy's , , Burger King ( Burger King).
80‑ , . , ? .
? Wendy's 1984 26%. , ‑ .
Wendy's , : .
, , . , , , . , . (Wendy's 100% .)
McDonald's, Wendy's , McDonald's, . ? .
Wendy's , . , .
White Castle. 1921 ‑ , 170 , .
, , White Castle, , , 5 35 . White Castle . . ‑ .
: $1,28 , , McDonald's.
2: , . White Castle Egg McMuffin ( McDonald's), Whooper ( Burger King), , .
, . White Castle .
14
, , .
Coca‑Cola ‑ IBM. , . .
IBM . . ‑ .
, IBM. , , , . , . IBM , .
, , .
Sperry Rand IBM
1943 . ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (. ). 30 , .
. , . .
Sperry Rand, , UNIVAC, 1950 .
1951 Univac Sperry Rand ( ).
IBM, . XX .
. : Sperry Rand , IBM .
. , .
, IBM . , , . . : , , , .
, IBM Sperry Rand 50‑ . , : ‑ , .
. , ‑ .
Sperry Rand, IBM , . , : 60%, 70%. .
IBM 70‑ . 1854 .
, . ‑ . , IBM, . RCA IBM .
. , , . . . .
IBM RCA GE, . BUNCH (Burroughs, Univac, NCR, Control Data Honeywell). I? .
DEC IBM: 1
IBM, , , . Digital Equipment Corporation, .
IBM , DEC . IBM , DEC . IBM , DEC , .
, Volksvoagen .
1965 DEC PDP‑8, , , , .
IBM . . 3: .
, . IBM "": , ?
( ) . DEC . Digital Equipment . , $4 .
Hewlett Packard, Data General, Honeywell ‑ . IBM. 1976 Series 1.
IBM 11 . 10%.
DEC: 40%.
70‑ . , Apple, Radio Shack Commodore, : .
DEC IBM: 2
DEC, IBM , 8‑ .
, ‑, , .
? ? ? ? ?
, . ( ) . , , $1 .
DEC. , , . , , .
70‑ DEC . , IBM DEC .
, DEC , . 2: . DEC .
DEC , , . , , : .
, , General Motors .
, , . , , , .
DEC , , , , . , .
, . , , . .
, General Motors Radio Shack TRS‑80? ( Trash‑80 .) Commodore Pets Apple IP DEC , : IBM PC.
, e , DEC .
1. DEC Radio Shack, ComputerLand . .
2. DEC , Wang , , NBI Lanier.
3. DEC , IBM. .
4. DEC .
DEC $24 Trilogy, Ltd. , , IBM.
, DEC ‑ . , DEC , .
1980 DEC . 1981 IBM PC.
DEC IBM: 3
, IBM PC, . , IBM . .
, IBM , . :
DEC. Digital Equipment IBM . , : , .
, . , IBM. , Altair IBM PC, .
, . 1980 Hewlett‑Packard HP‑85, Apple II. , . 1981 Xerox 820.
Xerox , . . , 12 1981 IBM PC. .
, , IBM . , . , : , , Apple Radio Shack.
, Digital Equipment Hewlett‑Packard, , IBM .
DEC IBM . IBM DEC . DEC 10 1982 , . .
DEC IBM. 3: . , DEC , , : Rainbow, Professional DECmate.
, . , , . 1984 IBM 10 , DEC. Rainbow, DEC 1985 ( ).
, , . , ‑ , , , .
, , .
, , Altair Apple, IBM PC . IBM , .
. ? , ? , .
.
IBM
, IBM .
Dimension. , , , . , IBM PC, , , .
IBM PC $1995? . Chameleon , .
IBM Wang , Syntrex. (, Syntrex, IBM Wang . , .)
, , , ? TeleVideo. , , , .
, IBM. IBM, Wang . .
ATT Information Systems . , , , , . , , , . ? 5:0 ATT. (, 50:1 IBM.)
, IBM, Texas Instruments. 77 , , IBM.
, Texas Instruments . 1983 , , $660 . ( Atari, Commodore Apple, ?)
Radio Shack The Wall Street Journal , , Tandy 2000 IBM, ATT, Compaq, Apple Hewlett‑Packard.
, , , IBM. Leading Edge .
, IBM PC, . : 83‑ , Leading Edge PC, , , IBM PC, .
, IBM PC . , . , . IBM PC . , , System 2000.
1982 $1 . 3 , , .
IBM ? , . .
IBM IBM
, IBM 180 .
. Gillette, General Motors, IBM.
, IBM , . , , .
, IBM , , IBM. , . , IBM , , . . PC XT , 5000 .
PC AT, . IBM , The Wall Street Journal, . , AT , IBM , PC AT PC XT .
. IBM , The New York Times. Comdex, 100 . . IBM , PC AT, Times.
, , . , , Apple.
IBM.
, ‑ , .
Raytheon Data Systems $95 . Computer Devices, Galivan Computer, Osborne Computer, Victor Techlogies Franklin Computer .
Pitney Bowes $22,5 . Eagle Computer, Fortune Systems, Columbia Data Products Vector Graphics.
. A IBM , : , .
IBM . , , , . IBM . , .
Apple IBM: 1
Apple Apple II . , , , , .
Apple . .
II Plus. II. , . ( .)
IIc. IIe, , ‑ .
Apple III , . Apple III , II ( III , ). Apple III ‑.
, Armonk PCjr. , Time, . , , IBM .
Apple.
, , 100‑ PCjr .
18 Entry Systems IBM.
PCjr IBM, . PCjr $150 , , , $46 .
, , . , , , . , . : .
, , ComputerLand, Micro Age, Entru . IBM , IBM Fortune.
IBM, DEC, Xerox, . , . .
Apple IBM: 2
, . Apple IBM. , , , Apple IBM. , Digital Equipment Corp.
, Macintosh, $200 , 2 .
Apple . Apple , .
. , Macintosh Apple. , .
, Macintosh Apple. .
, Apple, . Apple 5 , .
̖ Apple Apple II.
, . Apple .
2 IBM
XX , Time. , , , , ; , Apple Commodore. , .
, IBM General Motors . , ? Time.
2? IBM , , , 2.
Digital. . . .
Hertz Avis. Coke Pepsi. General Motors Ford. McDonald's Burger King. 2.
, ‑ . : ATT, Burroughs, Compaq, Data General, Hewlett‑Packard, ITT. Motorola, NCR, Sperry, Wang, Xerox Zenith.
: Epson, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Milta, Mitsubishi, NEC, Oki, Panasonic, Sanyo Toshiba. ? . . , .
, 2.
ATT , .
Burroughs , .
Compaq IBM , .
Data General DEC .
ITT . , ‑ .
NCR National Cash Register, . .
Sperry , .
Wang . , .
Xerox . IBM , Xerox .
Zenith .
. , .
, , , ? Hewlett‑Packard.
. , Hewlett‑Packard . DEC. , Apple.
Hewlett Packard IBM. IBM .
Hewlett‑Packard IBM, Apple. , Hewlett‑Packard .
.
15
, .
? , 3‑4 , . .
: ‑ ( ), . , .
, . .