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, Lite , Schlitz. , , , , , Miller.

Schlitz $500 . , . , . Schlitz Light, . , . , , ?

. SchUtz Light Lite, Anheuser‑Busch Natural Light. , , , . Anheuser‑Busch , , : Natural. He .

, , . ( /suzu? ISUZU? , .) , Natural Light .

, . .

6 Adolph Coors Company , . Coors. .

Coors ‑ . ( , , Olympia ‑, Heileman Old Style , Dixie , Rheingold, Schaefer Ballantine , Utica Club Genesee ‑, Iron City .)

Coors : , 12 , 9 . Coors : , , . Coors. , , The New York Times.

 

 

Coors . ( , Michelob Light.) , : " Keel‑Aid. (Kool‑Aid, . . .). Coors : .

Lite Coors , .

Coors . , , . 786 . 40.

‑ ‑ 121 . . 45. .

1960 37% . 92%.

Coors . Lite. , , , .

Coors Lite, , . , .

. , , . , , .

Coors . ( , Coors 1978 .) , .

Coors . . Lite , .

Coors ‑ Coors Light, 23 . , Coors . , . ( , ? Coors Banquet. , , Coors Banquet.)

, , . Miller, .

 

Lite

 

Lite . Miller, , . , . , .

, Lite.

, : (. ).

, Miller.

, Lite , Miller Miller Lite, Miller High Life.

, Miller. ‑ , Miller, Lite. Miller, : Miller Brewing Co., Milwaukee, WI. . , , Lite.

Lite, High Life. 1979 , 4 Lite, Miller High Life . 21% Budweiser.

 

High Life

 

, Miller High Life : 32, 40, 49, 59 , , 1984 68%. , Budweiser 3 , High Life.

1983 , Miller Lite Miller High. , Miller , Lite.

. Miller , The New York Times High Life. , .

, Miller, . ( ), Budweiser. , , .

, , Miller $450 , . .

, : , .

, , , , Miller.

. . , . , .

, Miller Lite. ( Diet Coke.) .

. . , Coca‑Cola.

p , , Miller . High Life, , : , .

: Miller .

? Lite High Life? . , , .

Miller . High Life , . , ; High Life?

, , Miller, ? .

 

 

, Miller.

Schlitz Schlitz Light, Coors Coors Light Michelob Michelob Light, Light.

, , .

Schlitz Light . , . . 1976 , Schlitz Light, 24 Schlitz. 3 , Schlitz Schlitz Light . . .

, , , . Coors Light . 1,6 . 1984 4,5 . Coors Light Miller Light.

, Coors? . ?

, 1976 , Coors 12 $12 , , 1984, 44 33 . .

Michelob Miller. Michelob Light Michelob . . : , .

Michelob Light , . 4 ? , , .

Budweiser Bud. Light. Anheuser‑Busch . Bud Light , , . 10% . Anheuser . $50 Bud Light. 9 , .

Budweiser . 2,5 , 2 (Miller Lite). Bud Light.

Light? , , ‑ . . .

, ‑ , , . .

, ‑ . . , , . , , ‑ .

, , , .

 

 

.

Michelob Classic Dark Coors Extra Cold. .

, Coors . 5 , .

 

13

 

, . , .

 

1984 McDonald's . $685 . $29 . . , .

, , ? , .

6‑7 , . , , . , , ‑.

. . . . , , . ( 1: , .)

 

McDonald's

 

:

McDonald's ‑, .

, . .

, , . , , , . : . ( ? .)

, . , ( ), , . .

McDonald's .

Burger King, Wendy's Kentucky Fried Chicken .

McDonald's, ‑ , , , McDonald's ‑ , . ( ‑.)

, . McDonald's , .

, . , . , .

70‑ . McDonald's , Burger King , McDonald's.

, , . , ‑ , McDonald's , .

, . ‑. .

, . , .

, , , , . , , , .

, . , .

, , ( ), , .

, , , . , , ‑: Hardee's, Burger Chief .

. , Burger King, , McDonald's, .

, , . , , .

 

Burger King

 

, McDonald's, Burger King.

McDonald's , . 2, Burger King, .

2: . McDonald's , , .

, , : , , , , , (. .). ‑, , : ‑. ( , , .)

? , , McDonald's . ‑ , , .

70‑ Burger King , . ‑, . , . , .

Burger King, , , ‑ .

. ‑ . , McDonald's . , , Burger King.

. : , ?

. , .

 

McDonald's

 

, . 70‑ : , .

, . , . , , Kentucky Fried Chicken?

, McDonald's, McChicken McRib .

Chicken McNuggets, . .

, McNuggets Kentucky Fried Chicken. 8 , . , , Chicken Nuggets.

3: . Kentucky Fried Chicken 8 . McDonald's .

Egg McMuffin Chicken McNuggets.

. , , . , Chicken McNuggets, .

Chicken McNuggets, Big Mac?

McDonald's ‑ . : , .

, , , .

, ? , , .

, , , , .

, . . ‑ 90 , , .

, , , . , , , . , .

, . , .

McDonald's , . , , , , .

 

, Burger King

 

80‑ , Burger King . : . McDonald's ‑ , . , .

Burger King , . , , . , .

. , , .

, , .

1982 Burger King . 8%. : ( ) McDonald's 15%.

, . (Pillsbury) Burger King. , .

 

 

Burger King McDonald's. , .

, , Burger King : , , McDonald's. McDonald's, . , ‑ Burger King. McDonald's , .

Burger King 10% ( McDonald's 3%). , .

Burger King , McDonald's, $120 .

Burger King , .

 

McDonald's

 

Wendy's , ‑ Kentucky Fried Chicken, 1969 .

, Wendy's . , , . Wendy's . , . ‑ Wendy's , .

Wendy's , .

. Wendy's , .

. .

Wendy's , , Burger King ( Burger King).

80‑ , . , ? .

? Wendy's 1984 26%. , ‑ .

Wendy's , : .

, , . , , , . , . (Wendy's 100% .)

McDonald's, Wendy's , McDonald's, . ? .

Wendy's , . , .

 

 

White Castle. 1921 ‑ , 170 , .

, , White Castle, , , 5 35 . White Castle . . ‑ .

: $1,28 , , McDonald's.

2: , . White Castle Egg McMuffin ( McDonald's), Whooper ( Burger King), , .

, . White Castle .

 

14

 

, , .

 

Coca‑Cola ‑ IBM. , . .

IBM . . ‑ .

, IBM. , , , . , . IBM , .

, , .

 

Sperry Rand IBM

 

1943 . ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (. ). 30 , .

. , . .

Sperry Rand, , UNIVAC, 1950 .

1951 Univac Sperry Rand ( ).

IBM, . XX .

. : Sperry Rand , IBM .

. , .

, IBM . , , . . : , , , .

, IBM Sperry Rand 50‑ . , : ‑ , .

. , ‑ .

Sperry Rand, IBM , . , : 60%, 70%. .

IBM 70‑ . 1854 .

, . ‑ . , IBM, . RCA IBM .

. , , . . . .

IBM RCA GE, . BUNCH (Burroughs, Univac, NCR, Control Data Honeywell). I? .

 

DEC IBM: 1

 

IBM, , , . Digital Equipment Corporation, .

IBM , DEC . IBM , DEC . IBM , DEC , .

, Volksvoagen .

1965 DEC PDP‑8, , , , .

IBM . . 3: .

, . IBM "": , ?

( ) . DEC . Digital Equipment . , $4 .

Hewlett Packard, Data General, Honeywell ‑ . IBM. 1976 Series 1.

IBM 11 . 10%.

DEC: 40%.

70‑ . , Apple, Radio Shack Commodore, : .

 

DEC IBM: 2

 

DEC, IBM , 8‑ .

, ‑, , .

? ? ? ? ?

, . ( ) . , , $1 .

DEC. , , . , , .

70‑ DEC . , IBM DEC .

, DEC , . 2: . DEC .

DEC , , . , , : .

, , General Motors .

, , . , , , .

DEC , , , , . , .

, . , , . .

, General Motors Radio Shack TRS‑80? ( Trash‑80 .) Commodore Pets Apple IP DEC , : IBM PC.

, e , DEC .

1. DEC Radio Shack, ComputerLand . .

2. DEC , Wang , , NBI Lanier.

3. DEC , IBM. .

4. DEC .

DEC $24 Trilogy, Ltd. , , IBM.

, DEC ‑ . , DEC , .

1980 DEC . 1981 IBM PC.

 

DEC IBM: 3

 

, IBM PC, . , IBM . .

, IBM , . :

DEC. Digital Equipment IBM . , : , .

, . , IBM. , Altair IBM PC, .

, . 1980 Hewlett‑Packard HP‑85, Apple II. , . 1981 Xerox 820.

Xerox , . . , 12 1981 IBM PC. .

, , IBM . , . , : , , Apple Radio Shack.

, Digital Equipment Hewlett‑Packard, , IBM .

DEC IBM . IBM DEC . DEC 10 1982 , . .

DEC IBM. 3: . , DEC , , : Rainbow, Professional DECmate.

, . , , . 1984 IBM 10 , DEC. Rainbow, DEC 1985 ( ).

, , . , ‑ , , , .

, , .

, , Altair Apple, IBM PC . IBM , .

. ? , ? , .

.

 

IBM

 

, IBM .

Dimension. , , , . , IBM PC, , , .

IBM PC $1995? . Chameleon , .

IBM Wang , Syntrex. (, Syntrex, IBM Wang . , .)

, , , ? TeleVideo. , , , .

, IBM. IBM, Wang . .

ATT Information Systems . , , , , . , , , . ? 5:0 ATT. (, 50:1 IBM.)

, IBM, Texas Instruments. 77 , , IBM.

, Texas Instruments . 1983 , , $660 . ( Atari, Commodore Apple, ?)

Radio Shack The Wall Street Journal , , Tandy 2000 IBM, ATT, Compaq, Apple Hewlett‑Packard.

, , , IBM. Leading Edge .

, IBM PC, . : 83‑ , Leading Edge PC, , , IBM PC, .

, IBM PC . , . , . IBM PC . , , System 2000.

1982 $1 . 3 , , .

IBM ? , . .

 

IBM IBM

 

, IBM 180 .

. Gillette, General Motors, IBM.

, IBM , . , , .

, IBM , , IBM. , . , IBM , , . . PC XT , 5000 .

PC AT, . IBM , The Wall Street Journal, . , AT , IBM , PC AT PC XT .

. IBM , The New York Times. Comdex, 100 . . IBM , PC AT, Times.

, , . , , Apple.

IBM.

, ‑ , .

Raytheon Data Systems $95 . Computer Devices, Galivan Computer, Osborne Computer, Victor Techlogies Franklin Computer .

Pitney Bowes $22,5 . Eagle Computer, Fortune Systems, Columbia Data Products Vector Graphics.

. A IBM , : , .

IBM . , , , . IBM . , .

 

Apple IBM: 1

 

Apple Apple II . , , , , .

Apple . .

II Plus. II. , . ( .)

IIc. IIe, , ‑ .

Apple III , . Apple III , II ( III , ). Apple III ‑.

, Armonk PCjr. , Time, . , , IBM .

Apple.

, , 100‑ PCjr .

18 Entry Systems IBM.

PCjr IBM, . PCjr $150 , , , $46 .

, , . , , , . , . : .

, , ComputerLand, Micro Age, Entru . IBM , IBM Fortune.

IBM, DEC, Xerox, . , . .

 

Apple IBM: 2

 

, . Apple IBM. , , , Apple IBM. , Digital Equipment Corp.

, Macintosh, $200 , 2 .

Apple . Apple , .

. , Macintosh Apple. , .

, Macintosh Apple. .

, Apple, . Apple 5 , .

̖ Apple Apple II.

, . Apple .

 

2 IBM

 

XX , Time. , , , , ; , Apple Commodore. , .

, IBM General Motors . , ? Time.

2? IBM , , , 2.

Digital. . . .

Hertz Avis. Coke Pepsi. General Motors Ford. McDonald's Burger King. 2.

, ‑ . : ATT, Burroughs, Compaq, Data General, Hewlett‑Packard, ITT. Motorola, NCR, Sperry, Wang, Xerox Zenith.

: Epson, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Milta, Mitsubishi, NEC, Oki, Panasonic, Sanyo Toshiba. ? . . , .

, 2.

ATT , .

Burroughs , .

Compaq IBM , .

Data General DEC .

ITT . , ‑ .

NCR National Cash Register, . .

Sperry , .

Wang . , .

Xerox . IBM , Xerox .

Zenith .

. , .

, , , ? Hewlett‑Packard.

. , Hewlett‑Packard . DEC. , Apple.

Hewlett Packard IBM. IBM .

Hewlett‑Packard IBM, Apple. , Hewlett‑Packard .

.

 

15

 

, .

 

? , 3‑4 , . .

: ‑ ( ), . , .

, . .

 





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