. (Beauchamp & Childress, 1989) , , -, - . ( ) : (1) (), (2) (non-maleficence), (3) (beneficence), (4) .
: ( , , Eckart, 1990), , . . - . / (Informed Consent)(Faden & Beauchamp, 1986), (Reiter-Theil, Eich & Reiter, 1991, 1993; Reiter-Theil, 1996; Dsubanko-Obermayr & Baumann, 1998). , , , , , / . (Eich, Reiter & Reiter-Theil, 1997).
( ) : , ( , ), , . , , (Reiter-Theil, 1997a). . , . , , , . -, , , , (Pope & Vetter, 1992); , , . , , (Eich Reiter & Reiter-Theil, 1997; Koch, Reiter-Theil & Helmchen, 1996).
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(Reiter-Theil, 1998). , ( ) ,, , , (, Pellegrino & Thomasma, 1993). , . , , . , , : , . , , . , , , , . , , - , , . , , , . , , , , , , . . ( ), , () (Reiter & Steiner, 1996). - , , , - , (McCullough & Ashton, 1994; ten Have, 1994; Thomasma, 1994; Tomlinson, 1994).
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- , . 5.2, (Reiter-Theil, 1996).
5.2.
1. : () , () , ,
2. () ()
3. : () , , () ,
4. : , ,
5.
, , , . , -, , , . , , , - , . . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , - , (Höffe, 1993). , , , , , , . .